Illustration of how the Polis was the center of Athenian Life Essay

IntroductionThe word Polis (poh-lis) referred to the city-state, to the fortress, and to the plurality as a whole. Greek city-states of ten grew up around forts on the hills or mountaintops for their protection. These city-states were indep give the sackent states (a nation of its own) that controlled a limited amount of tillage surrounding the territory .The Greek city states were sm every last(predicate) of which the ideal sizing was a population of ab prohibited 5,000 manly citizens, who were the only mess counted in official records.Of exclusively the polis, capital of Greece had the largest population, reaching to approximately 35,000 male citizens in the middle of the fifth century B.C. Because of its sm each(prenominal) sizing, the people (citizens) had the prospect to act closely with each otherwise. When there is no war, Athenian life turn around the state1.This paper bequeath illustrate how the polis was the center of Athenian life. The exemplification will be d erived from examples of the governmental and cultural activities of its citizens. semi policy-making living Political ParticipationLike most Greek city-states, the Athenians developed political units that were centrally based on a single city (capital of Greece). Athenians were the first people in history to lead the establishment of a government in which free citizens eclipsed themselves. This type of government was called democracy meaning rule by the people.2 Previously, Athens was ruled by powerful fearful officials known as archons who tended to favor the upper class of Athens besides because of lower class Athenian protests, the lead was transferred to solon in 594 B.C.Solon was a statesman, poet and merchant who was widely regarded as wise and just. Solon make political reforms that decreased the power of the nobles. He divided Athenian citizens into quad classes based on wealth, not on noble birth. This gave the merchants a spokesperson in the government, for citize ns in the three highest classes could bewilder unexclusive office and afterward all male citizens were expected to serve in the government.3About 510, Athens was ruled by Cleisthenes. After consulting with the Assembly he reformed the political system by dividing Athens into ten areas called demes.4 To safeguard the new re everydayan government, Cleisthenes started a new practice session. Once a ground level of study the Athenians voted out a person who they suspect will become a tyrant leader. If 6,000 votes were determine against a particular person, he was strained to leave Athens for ten years. Because votes were written on a piece of broken pottery called an ostrakon, this practice became known as ostracism. Few people actually were ostracized but the bespoken gave citizens more power.Pericles, who ruled Athens in 460 B.C., increased the participation of Athenians in government. He open up government jobs to all classes and government officials were paid salaries so that even poor citizens could serve as officials. Citizens were given the freedom to bump leading generals or statesmen without being punished. The duties of government were performed by ordinary citizens.They took caveat of the public buildings, kept the waterfront safe for ships, and watched over the citys food for thought supply. They served in the army and rowed ships in the navy. Rather than being elected, officials were chosen by lot (a process similar to having ones figure of speech picked out of a hat). They held office for one year and could not hold the uniform position again. This gave both male citizen a chance to serve the community.5 In fact, the Athenian political system of tryst make it possible for any male citizen to be liable for executive government duties. Participation in the AssemblyThe number of Athenian citizens was small enough for them to govern themselves in a direct democracy. on that point was no need to elect representatives as most modern dem ocracies do. About forty times a year all citizens met in the Assembly (supreme-decision making body in Athens) in an open area on a hill called The Pnyx. The Assembly meetings were opened for every male citizen over the age of 18.6 There they debated, voted all matters of internal and foreign policy and made the laws. They themselves decided whether to sign a mountain treaty, build a navy, or make peace.Although every male Athenian had the right to attend, due to limited space and other practical causes, not all of them were able to attend every meeting. With a total male population of 30,000, the Phynx can only accommodate 6,000 of them. Nevertheless, Assembly meetings were events that most Athenians breast forward to.Usually Assembly meetings were scheduled just after dawn, decelerate only when citizens and presiding officials were late. It is significant to note that any citizen, whether he held a public office or nor, had the right to speak or voice his opinions beforeha nd thousands of his fellow Athenians. Before or after the speech, each citizen was expected to openly show their support or disagreement for it was assumed that each Athenian citizen could think intelligently about community affairs.7 C. Participation in the Council (Boul)The Athenian Council was composed of 500 members. These members were chosen by lot from 50 citizens of the 10 Athenian tribes. Any male with an age over 30 had the opportunity to serve in the Council although not all are required to do so. Usually eligible males in each deme (local municipalities) would volunteer themselves and 50 of them were granted by lots to serve in the Council. Athenian citizens are allowed to serve twice in the Council.Unlike the Assembly, the Council met everyday, except for festival days and certain other forbidden days, in the public square. If there was an Assembly meeting, the council would meet in the good afternoon for normally Assembly meetings end at noon. The Councils primary res ponsibilities implicate the preparation of an agenda for the Assembly, drafting of bills and the supervision of the public officials.8 The Council would give an consider of its actions and activities before the Assembly (meaning before all the Athenian males) at the end of its year of religious service.What was interesting about the Council was that their activity was supervised daily by each diametric member of the Athenian tribes. In other words, by the casting of lots a new chairman was elected every day and was entrusted with the keys to the temples that kept the state funds, records and state seal. The daily change of Council leadership means that the reins of the Athenian government were in the hands of a different Athenian citizen every day of the year.9 This was a remarkable expression of managing political affairs where competency and efficiency does not make one hold on to a government position.Women and slaves in Athens were excluded from government service however. But in spite of that they found other things to do in Athens like raising the family and participating in festivals. 10 D. Participation in the Law CourtsBecause of their democratic form of government, every accused Athenian were move in the Athenian courts. Every year 6,000 mostly poor Athenian citizens were chosen by lot to serve in the jury. They were not forced to serve in this function but voluntarily put themselves forward because of the prospect of receiving salary. The Athenians were eager juries who would show up in the courts early in the morning for daily sessions.The numbers of juries needed for that day were selected with the use of a complicated allotment machine. The allotment process takes two steps, first to select the juries and second to select the court rooms where they will be depute. Because allotment occurs daily, there was a constant change of juror for all cases. The reason for this complicated behavior was to prevent the occurrence of bribery. There was no mien of knowing in advance whether a certain juror will serve that day and if he does what case he will be assigned.As mentioned earlier the court system was run by non-professionals. There were no professionally trained judges and lawyers to rely upon. Unlike today, public prosecutions in ancient Athens were not represented by assigned district attorney to serve as prosecutor and there was no lawyer assigned for the defendant. In mysterious cases, both the accuse and the complainant defended themselves. Final decision for court cases was obtained after the jury (without discussing with each other) voted. esoteric prosecution only last 9 hours while private ones took about only two hours. Justice was rather quick for the Athenians. 11Cultural Life Love of LearningThe Athenians love to educate themselves. There were so well-nigh(prenominal) things that they wanted to know and learn. That is why they produced great philosophers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. The Athenia ns discussed their ideas in the Agora or marketplace daily.12 There they argue, discuss or scrutinize some new knowledgeThe Athenians considered genteelness necessary for good citizenship. Boys were enrolled in private schools or taught at home by tutors, often educated slaves. They wise(p) reading, arithmetic, and the works of Homer and other great poets. Young men study public speaking, geometry, astronomy and poetry and were en fortituded to discuss their ideas about politics and questions of right and wrong.The Athenians were very fond of the athletics. All schools of Athens had physical education as part of their curriculum. An Athenian philosophical system was that an ideal citizen is a crossway of exercise and morality. There were many athletic events in and around Athens that the Athenians look forward to.The underlying purpose of all the presents of self-discipline and breeding were for each Athenians to be hailed worthy of Athens and to bring honor to its name espec ially by winning in the Athletic games against other Greek-states. Pre-occupation with liberal arts and Literature Athens was the cultural center of Greece. The Athenians believed that a mans life was empty if he failed to use his mind and develop his talents. Because of that philosophy the Athenians made extraordinary achievements in art, literature, science and philosophy. In these fields, they set standards for subsequently Western civilization. Because they placed high value on individual excellence, Athenian cultural heritage continue to awe and inspire modern men.Athenian poets and playwrights wrote enduring masterpieces. Poetry played an authorised part in expressing the Athenian view of life. Their poems vividly showed people striving to live up to standards of courage and honor. Poems were as well as written to honor victors in athletic games and heroes killed in battle, which of course encouraged the Athenians to refine further their talents and win victories for Athens .Plays were popular entertainment for all Athenians. The Athenian ruler Pisistratus sponsored the first drama festivals in 534 B.C Because. Greece had a whacky climate, the dramas were performed outdoors, in a large theater built into the side of a hill. The theater held as many as 20,000 people. Opening day was a public holiday. The poor were given money to buy seats, and prisoners were even released from shut away to watch the performances. Many people brought food, for performances often lasted from sunrise to sunset.13 As in some modern theaters, audiences in ancient Athens sat in half-circle around a circular area where the actors, dancers, and musicians performed. Athenian playwrights as well as wrote comedies that made fun of Athenian politicians, generals, philosophers and other playwrights.Also Athenian artists and architects created simple and bewitching panaches that continue to serve as models. The style of Greek architectural style had been used in thousands of pub lic buildings in the United States and Europe. Practice of religion Athenians were firm believers of gods and goddesses which they honored in shared community rituals and festivals. Processions, music, animal sacrifice and communal dining were participated by all Athenians. Athenian arts not only express the Athenian love for what is beautiful but also to honor their gods by building shrines and temples for them around Athens. 14An example is the pillared temples on the Acropolis, a hill in the center of Athens.The largest is the Parthenon, the temple of Athena, the patron goddess of Athens. The Parthenon seems to surrender grown out of the rocky hillside in the center of the city. It is simple, but short proportioned, built of white marbles. It originally held a 40-foot-tall ivory and gold statue of Athena. Athenians also made statues of their gods and goddesses. These gods and goddesses were pictured in the form of beautiful human beings, for that was the way the Greeks imagine d themConclusionAthenian life revolved around the city-state (polis) of Athens. Its small size and democratic form of government had enabled the citizens to actively participate in all of its affairs and to ensure its stability. They collectively participated in the management of the state with all male being given the opportunity to lead their communities. Their rich nuance boasts of famous philosophers, beautifully designed shrines and temples and religious fervor with gods and goddesses that are as famous as Athens itself. It is clear to see that with the time and obedience that they had given to their political and cultural life within the walls of Athens, the city was an important part of their lives.BibliographyAthenian Life. Brooklyn College Classic Homepage 2008 .Retrieved February 1, 2008 from http//depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/athnlife/index.htmLang, Mabel L. The Athenian Citizen. Princeton, in the buff jersey American School of guileless Studies at Athe ns,1960.Parker, Robert. Athenian Religion. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1997.Perry, Marvin. A invoice of the World. new-sprung(prenominal) York Houghton-Mifflin, 1988.Stockton, David. The determinate Athenian Democracy. 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