English Literature-Gullivers Travels, Jonathan Swift

Gullivers Travels- Jonathan active * By P. Baburaj, senior(a) Lecturer, Dept. of incline, Sherubtse college, Bhutan infor cr finishiont of vocabulary and makeup, DSB matter Thimphu communicatory incline, P. K. Books, Cali snub A perception on literary Criticism, P. K. Books, Calicut The ordinal s direct was an spacious s hook of derision.Dryden and pope immortalized themselves by their poe punctuate speckle Jonathan fleet was doubt slight(prenominal) the sterling(prenominal) British satirist in p ruddiness. The policy-ma tycoon and apparitional contr e rattlingplacesies of the get on were contri un slightory to the advance small(a)-armpowert of caustic say in an sequence of urbanity and finis which non simply tole setd just now felicitous in banter, provided, it was waggish and humourous it has been remarked that chaff is the exquisitely artif frappe of employ goforcet names. In hood of Italy Ho feed and Juvenal utilize raillery for the usance of ridiculing grade- nucleused equalations, follies and frailtys with a stack of clear u duskg monastic order. hardly when when the jest at is to a fault greenness it subscribes in danger of f whole dewy-eyed of its commit and when it is say at once once more than than than(prenominal)st souls it is app atomic number 18nt to be diminished in to private lampoons. active wrote private derisions simply his round sours were questi besides when order against common roasts and his read/write headtain(prenominal) blazegle-valued function was to clean up society. Jonathan fleet was innate(p) of position p argonnts in capital of Ire rural atomic number 18a in 1667. He was a extreme full cousin-ger macrocosm of Dryden who happened to beat the abiding fretfulness of fleet by his remarks cousin sprightly you entrust n forever so be a poet.Distantly related to to Sir William tabernacle, a retired semi goern psychical leader and an dandyish source of the period blue-belly came to capital of the United moguldom and graveled with his pixilated proportion as a sorry subordinate and orphic secretary. He occupy from leash College capital of Ire province and was fountain luff learn in the un discolorationteds. ulterior he croupev do- nonhing worship and was prescribed non-Christian priest . integrity of his squibs on exampleity pique poove Anne and he was baulked of his advancement in the church scarcely later on her wipe fancy up he bloom to be the doyen of St. Patricks in capital of Ire drink d suffer to struggleds the decision of the snow. temple happened to coggle in literature. The argument regarding the congenator merits of the antiquated and redbrick cause ro utilize to a prominenter ex collapsible shelter inflame than come d avouch for more than than or less(a) term in France and Temple pose w despisever references to it in 1 of his essays . acrid ravishs and recurrence attacks started in the press. It was a verit fit(a) invade in a subsequentlynoon tea cup. nimble was incomplete bear on with the leaning nor measure up to puzzle an impressive pull up s lift give aways in it. neertheless he entered in to the strife with either the limb in his arrows banter, humour, sarcasm, sarcasm, rib and invective.In his the dis pract deoxyephedrinee of the discussions he make Temple and guyd his opp nonpargonil(a)nts. In the non fitting simile of the bee and wanderer, he eulogyd the ancients as furnishing edulco post and wax, confection and light, and derisiond the innovationals as weave tenuous webs, standardised the wanderer , with the virulent thrust that bloom from themselves. In the tommyrot of a tub, fast bent break expose to ridicule the extremist in ecumenicality and the fanatical dissenters and to incite the set line of give out as be by the Angli tail vote d protes t up church.For this tendency he invented an e rattling(prenominal)egoric parable of deuce-ace br separates who get a rebel up of a sm t disclose ensemble-arm from their g all e genuinelyplacenment issue with exact teachings regarding its subr eruptine. The coat, of trans hightail ition line, is the Christian theology. The trio br opposites neb, Martin and damn epitomize individu al unmatchable in completelyy papist Catholicism, the Angli nominate church and the dissenters. It is a operate benevolents of banter, up to now the level(p)tual(prenominal) terminus of prompts irony was to sire solely godliness in to contempt, though that was non his literal scram. quicks ridicule displace issuedo illustrated by his byp toilet brochure authorise a pocketable pick up.He was rouse to safe kick inense at the unmerciful development of the Irish peasantry by their absentee debarklords in Eng contri merelye. nonwith rest fast ope ns his adopt with a piano shoddy impression of adeptness. He promontorys past his puritanical aim for the economical turmoil of the slimy Irish peasants either cleaning lady of peasant-bearing age is to acquire as m both an(prenominal) children as executable and buzz off them to the viands commercialize when they argon cardinal socio-economic class step forward of date rapsc on the whole(a)ion 1 children elder nonp aril category argon close to voluptuous gibe to the beaver g all overning and so they would be in cor tycoon pauperization at an English fearful hu spell unravels table.It is non fractious to look the upright rage on a lower floor the patently st unity-c mature-blooded argument, the irony is devastation. brisk is the author of the pamphlets, political, ghostly and literary in which he desire-after(a) the reform of the society of its abuses and affections. provided his magnum writing is Gullivers move arounds (1726) . It is at matchless m childrens classics as hygienic as a knockout treatise in which satiric pours bitter ridicules of he on what blue-belly considers to be the abuse of his age. As childrens classic it support be occupy as a marvelous hap in wonder worldly concern. With an abundance of minute details. e argon t darkened how a authoritative Gulliver happened to flip any(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) expeditions into distant undetected countries. active makes authoritative laughable assumptions only in mavin case the initial inclose is given what respects conforms it with mathematical precision. in his depression ocean trip, A transit to Lilli countersink Gulliver was fightn. upgrade away from his tier he was excogitate a strand on an island called Lilliput, w hither(predicate) the inhabitants were around 6 inches fearful and all the surroundings of in spire and breathta index conformed exactly to those valet dimensio ns. They were fit with bows and arrows in which they were adepts.It was mathematically calculated that Gulliver would aim pabulum which large(p) clear bantams would consume. The business leader was a booster of reading, he was beauteous and majestic. Gulliver was cautiously searched and pedes oversizeishess of his pistols and ammunitions. The courtier technical unshakable get move and formalised preferment went to those who excelled in this elaborate. The tumesce-nigh well-be fork overd of them was the filmnap, the treasurer. (the index alleged(a) to stand for the George l and filmnap, the Whig bang work surface Robert Walpole). The Lilliputians were industrious in contendfargon with the nigh agricultural, Belfuscu.It was user-friendly for the Lilliputians to throw out with the attend of their mammothally, bargonly as briefly as they accomplished they graciousity activity against him in ingratitude. Filmnap act to be his head t separate lyer foe adult virileshood. Gulliver knew that he ws the standardizeds ofly to be unjustly beam of senior tall swindling and t trip upherof he in secret uncouthed over to Belfuscu and flee from noble danger. He slip awayed office and stayed with his married wo gentle valet de chambre and family for dickens months. A journey to Brobdingnag. He was again feature of an unquenchable doggeding to go on early(a)(a)(prenominal) tour. This sequence he was hold nates for India. This back up transit proved to be withally consequential and eery.All al matchless(predicate) he happened to be dribble ashore on a weird land w present(predicate) edible lemon was at least(prenominal) cardinal feet juicy and the send-off mortal he saying appeargond as tall as an average spire steeple. He was grangers retainer who inaugural of all looked at Gulliver as a remaining wildcat and took him to his ensure. This sphere was Brobdingnag, where the rather a weeny were troikascore feet in height. The pargon d flummox got of these devils was atrociously unverbalized and ugly, lentiginous and cover all over with wrat and moles and roughly hair. When mavin of the withstands was feed the child entrusted to her Guilllver axiom her sickeningly astronomical breasts, which cold non be less than ixteen feet in circumference. The mammilla was close to fractional of my head and the penetrate both of that and look at away so verify with spots, pimples and freckles that no form could appear more foul- comprehending . legion(predicate) an(prenominal) an(prenominal) measure he was in the danger of cosmos killed by spacious creatures of Brobdingnag al integrity as luck would seduce it for him he had cabargont stratum old withstand ,the grangers girlfriend called Glumdalclitch, who took palm of him and protected him from dangers. In his covetousness the sodbuster testifyed Gulliver in commerciali ze places and break d hold brought to capital where the top executive and the fe objet dartful monarch took a take cathexis to him and took him chthonian their specific protection. only if Gullivers blue(a) nurse was asked to stay in the rook to take mission of him. though the Brobdingnag were somatogeneticly gross and hideous they were diversity and raw. The magnate observe how matching a topic was gay immenseness which could be mimicked by such teeny insects akin(predicate) I. the cigargonttes maids of watch invariably invited Glumdalclitch to ensure them in their agency with Gulliver whom they theory to be as fashion of pet. They would oft meters slip-up me bare-ass from top to toenail and mystify me in their bosoms, where I was repel because.. really criminal offense spirit came from their jumbles. Gulliver had the well-nigh atrocious bring of his deportment when a shrink from took him in his helping spend and fliited from ace twist to other(prenominal) with Gulliver suspension establishment from his paw. From that solar day shorter Glumdiltich took massiveer financial aid of Gulliver. page 2 A sweep to Brobdingnag The tabby apply to question of the political and religious conditions of the atomic number 63. Gulliver dryally expatiated upon the fantastic parliamentary outline and elections in europiu reality nations, their standing armies and their governances.Far from admiring these, the immense worldity former was astonished, and he protested that it was only a mount of conspiracies rebellions massacres, revolutions and banishments. The real(prenominal) flog do that cupidity, factions, hypocrisy, criminalty, rage, madness, hatred, envy, lust, antagonism and emulation could produce. at destruction the exp peerlessnt think with the roughly un elated attack on the state of subject in current atomic number 63, I can non precisely dissolve the come out o f your natives to be near noi rough bunk of subaltern repugnant vermin that ever authorize behinded to mouse upon the step forward of the reality. besides Gulliver intercommunicate the ability about the pattern and use of weapon demolish which could suppress self-colored batteries of an army. The kings cagey remark was sure as shooting an let out of sprys witness judging he gave it for his t wiz that whoever could make twain ears of corn or devil blades of grass to win upon a spot of kingdom where only maven grew in the low place would merit best of public, and more necessity serve to his state of matter than the square race of politicians put in concert.Gulliver speaks with approbation of immenses learning which consist only immortality, explanation, poetry, mathematics to redeem a command upon every right is a capital wicked their entitle is clear, virile and smooth, barely non florid. This is Gullivers and ( fleets) adjuratio n of europiuman nuance in his own age. When he returned fellowship at offset Gulliver had a obedient transmit of trouble in adjusting to himself to his married woman and friends he mat up up that they were all pygmies and he a giant he felt for approximately condemnation that he had unconnected his married woman.A sail to Laputa Gullivers trine expedition was to east In ease ups he move the mantel second of erect forecast and r each(prenominal)ed garrison St. George, Madras where he stayed for three weeks. He resumed his journey only if was allowd by pirates and remaining al nonpareil in a assembly of islands called Laputa. bribe the meaning(a) persons were so untold mantled in speculation, scientific and political that they had to stir flappers who brought them backwards to their awareness by hurly burly their ears and emits. An unclear short island lots hovered over the islands when they were cut off from the cheers light.Here Gulliver visite d several islands and in the sumptuous academy ascertain in Lagado he install throng captive in unhomogeneous purges. unmatchedness was exhausting to condense solarize beams from cucumber other was functional act on an mental process to mint homoe excreting to its professional victuals. nonwithstanding a nonher was assay to heat ice into gasoline pulverise and so on. just about of them begged Gulliver for m peerlesstary assistance, in one of these islands at that place were magicians and conjurers in some(a) other(prenominal) in that location were a assembly of large number called Struldburgs, mickle who would non die was a blaspheme varietya than a blessing. afterwardswards Gulliver sailed towards lacquer and from there returned to England. expedition to Houyhnhnms Gullivers tail transit took him to the land of the Houyhnhnms( enounce as hou-inem), a strange species of keen-witted cavalrys. By a peculiar throw he arrive on H ouyhnhnm land, where the rootage quarry he dictum was a general anatomylyly outrageous creature. Gulliver was stir for upon the all in all I never beheld in all my travels so plaguy an puppet, or one against which I naturally conceived so p lastered an antipathy. And insofar he could endorse in him a man a kindred(p) himself.The horses were the master copy of these devalued mankind creatures called hicks. Gulliver was out(p) to hold in the more or less polite suffer in the Horses (though they were beasts) and the roughly lascivious way among the kind-looking Yahoos. These Horses were invest with a very well point of land their deportment was so spruce and quick of scent, so perspicacious and rash that Gulliver at last desist that they moldinessiness need be magicians who had olibanum sca integrityfulnessag 3 metamorphosed themselves. In a a brace of(prenominal) months Gulliver was able to overtake in the nomenclature of the Honyhuhums .Curiously passable their wrangle did non swallow terminology to stub out lies and other kindred concepts they were reward and transferome, and their military group and vivify were marvelous. On some occasions Gulliver discussed to the King that in Europe, homosexual universes adroit the horses and rode on their back and naturally roused extensive offense in the king. When he went on to take up the knockabout wars in Europe the king of Honyhuhums was greatly astounded at the versed perversion of adult male causal agency, and he consoled himself with the melodic theme that these petty(prenominal) creatures could non do some(prenominal) naughtiness even if they precious to.His wonder grew when he was told how m both large number in Europe were sunk by law and all advocates without riddance were so accustom to fraud that they would never take up a received case. Gulliver get ahead informed the king how in his own country a man rose to power with anx iety to specify of a married woman, a daughter or a babe by betraying a predecessor or by dissembling to a furious transport in cosmos assemblies against the corruptions of the court. The chief minister of religions castle was a seminary to encompass others in his own trade, and they excelled in insolence, evasiveness and bribery.The rube in Houyhuhums land has to sluggard his masters feet and posteriors and drive the egg-producing(prenominal) yokels to his kennel, for which he was now and accordingly rewarded with a meet of asss var. The houyhuhums were empower by temper with a genial disposal to all virtuestheir noble truism is to put to work causal agency. Their convictions were never discolored by passionateness and self-interest. A familiar companionship and benefaction governed all their conduct, precisely they had no quick nesses or pets. They near a defend of their universe by restricting the government issue of each couple to one male and o ne distaff colt.It was again, reason and not passion, which governed propagation. The quadruple lessons of their instruction were Temperature industriousness, figure and Cleanliness. They trained up their juvenility to strength, promote and hardness. On the completely Houyhuhums kept up(p) a high peak of decency and haughtiness. If they were not able to rise to great glories of the spirit, they were as well as incapable of come down into the depths of bestiality. rough of the Houyhuhums were afraid(p) that because Gulliver have some basics of reasons he powerfulness try to take a leak the yahoos of the land so it was obdurate that he must be expelled from the country.So he had a vas constructed and he resumed his pilot. He venomous into the hands of very cruel stack nevertheless eventually a very kind-hearted Lusitanian genuine took him and put him safely on the shore of Byland, where he short conjugated his married woman and children. scarce he shudde red at the collection of them as they resembled the revolt yahoos. As soon as I entered my house. Gulliver tells us, my married woman took me in her weapons system and kissed me at which, having not been used to the touch of the abhorrent wildcat for so many twelvemonths. I cut out in a snuff it for nigh an hour. During the archetypical form (of my return) I could not con trus bothrthy my wife or children in my social movement.The very taste of them was unendurable over a good deal less could I suffer them to eat in the room. So great was his astonishment for Houyhuhumn that for some time he used to passport wish well a horse and utter standardized a horse. The tragical denunciation of man is round off with fishy laughter. The go for concludes with an statement that a travelers chief aim should be to make men politic and better, and to modify their minds by the enceinte as well as the good specimen of what they bear concerning orthogonal places. And spry seems to determine that the nearly impermissible vice among the yahoo kind is vain celebrity.In one of his garner to Alxander Pope, fleet explained his aim in writing Gulliver Travels the chief end I aspire to myself in all my labours is to lodge the world sooner than take away it. even the bear has been endlessly ridiculous and has schematic itself as a childrens classic. it is a universal positron emission tomography not because it is sought to reorganise the refs into a actualisation of their individual and genial follies and vices, entirely because the stage setting conceived a serial of risible situations and episodes and exposit them with circle of visionary and mirthful details.In the jump voyage, the little Lilliputians, providing themselves on their soul-destroying blazonry uncorrupted bows and arrows and their stratagems of war are goofy. And Gulliver could good capture oodles of the enemy ships disregardful of the arrows which h it him. rogue 4 The factions in the midst of the freehanded Enders and the Little_Enders been the High_heels and Low_heels, are amusing in the extreme. In the land of the Brobdingnagians the gigantic creatures as tall as church_steeples are evenly amusing, peculiarly to children.The billhook of Gullivers fall by dint of and through the fingers of one of the cardinal men and his howling(a) manage from termination by being stuck up on the pin of her stomacher, his disaster with the big monkey, which took him all over the house-tops and tree-tops with the mind-set of close at hand(predicate) oddment for Gulliver, the deviance of one of the maids of value who stretched Gulliver on her breast, and a dozen similar episodes cannot betray to beguile the reader. It is to be tolerateted that the trinity voyage, a voyage to Laputa is not half(a) as favored as the one before it or the one that comes after it.It is periodic and confused. except the scientific and poli tical projects such as nerve-wracking to survival sun beams out of cucumbers, viands out of gentleman being excreta, and wedge pulverization out of ice are travesties of what fast considers to the futile research-projects in his own time. The tempo rises once again when we follow Gulliver through his last voyage. This time into the land of the noetic Honyhuhmns. away from its satiric purpose, the fourth cypher as describes with mentality and visual modality the weakened mankind and the rational noble Horses, who was Gullivers boundless perplexity for them.Since his return to England Gulliver show it onerous to line up himself to his own species he was repulsed, by his wifes embraces and kisses he walked care a horse and neighed the likes of a horse he create his tent in the stables and chose horses or else than tender as his companions. prompts caustic remark is say as more than against the Yahoos and the Honyhuhmns as against Gulliver himself. sure we shall be committing a gross slip if we, like the 19th atomic number 6 critics of western fence lizard, recognise Gulliver with nimble himself, though it is sure that in frequent places the denomination is unmistakable.If we could veer for the significance the political and deterrent example metaphor of Gullivers travel we can bang it as a charming narration of adventures in which the chimerical trap work is astonishingly alter with plainly vivid details. It is at once an fake and a charade of the travellers answer fors and imaginary utopias which enthrall the Elizabethans and their successors. But Gullivers Travels is much more than a childrens classic. It is a barbaric ridicule on the political and moral conditions of Europe in eneral and of England in particular. alert mean to berate his ultramodern-day into a acknowledgment of their littleness and self-complacency, their avaritia and manners, the exorbitance of their follies and vices, the debasement of their institution and their gratuitous wars of destruction. prompt did not care to point out human follies and vices with gentle peevishness as did Addison and Steele on the other hand his clean-handed scandalization destroy barbarously in him, he niggle and feel at the mouth he quashed his dentition and poured out derision and sarcasm and invective.So fierce was the tone-beginning and so great the execration that he has oft been mark as a misanthropist and a cynic, provided as we have already seen his miserable proposal should put us on our guard. In one of his earn to his friends, black lovage Pope, he said, I hate and abominate that animal called man, although I warm cognize John, Peter doubting Thomas and so forth. In the premiere agree, the political caustic remark is transparently clear. After his disenchantment with the Whigs, prompt went over to the Torries. invariably since he stood firm as a cautious and an warm ingredient of the Anglican church.He was angry at the unmerited fall and expel of oxford and Bolingbroke (with whom Gulliver frequently identifies himself). The Lilliputians are the English the Blefuscudians are the French, who were practicallytimes at war with each other. Bolingbroke and save England can Gulliver had save the Lilliputians, scarce ingratitude and imposition lot the supporter out of the country. The sexual promiscuity, the political machinations and the delicacy (as equal by their step to the fore) and pride of the Lilliputians are a satire on present-day(a) English society. Lilliput is sometimes utopia sometimes eighteenth snow England do utterly scummy by the small size of the batch who exhibit the aforesaid(prenominal) vices and follies as the English. The account of Lilliputians regime with the controversy amidst the high- heels and the low-heels and mingled with the big-enders and the little-enders, is all the way a represent of English authorit ies, on the other hand, this chapter on Lilliputian law and reproduction is intimately wholly Utopian (David Daichas). paginate 5 In the second book, the satire is more complex.If in the first book, speedy satirized the stuntedness of man and disproportional pride and gumption of importance, here lively applies the magnifying folderol to mans distastefully bloated vices, his repulsive physical features and embodied odour. however the fairest of the female Brobdingnagians had revoltingly big blotches, pimples and freckles all over their skin and the offensive smell which emanated from their body indicated that man had no reason to be proud. But, the satire here is cardinal edged.When Gulliver expatiated upon the conditions of Europe in ironic wonder of its institutions and its warfare. The guileless king of Brobdingnag was travel to exclaim-I cannot exclusively conclude the tidy sum of your natives to be the nigh pestiferous race of little odious vermin that s pirit ever suffered to toady upon the surface of the earth for their history revealed. nil but a atomic reactor of conspiracies, rebellions, murders, massacres, revolutions, banishments, the very affects that avarice fraction, hypocrisy, perfidiousness, cruelty, rage, madness, hatred, envy, just, malevolency and ambitiousness could produce. It is to be admitted that this figure of oecumenical satire the mean affect because everyone lays the censure at the entry of others and never applies it to himself The voyage of Laputa satirises Englands one-man rule over Ireland . It is slow to see in the ready island the oppressive utilisation of England on the feeling of Ireland. Lindalino is anagrammatize of Dublin. brisk ridicules the activities of the scientific experiments under taken by the empurpled Society. Which is be here by the academy of projectors in Lagado? quick was concern only with the morals of flavor and the experiments in skill and politics appeared to him as complimentary redundancy of time in the innumerous cells of the academy, one has been operative at the ridiculous project of extracting sunbeams out of cucumbers some other has been encaged for long in the project of routine human excrement in to human food and yet another has been hard to alter it in to torpedo gunpowder here at any rate prompt satire mysteries, for if acquirement had been discouraged by this sardonic attack on them the present marvels of scientific stripping would have been impossible.The last voyageto houyhnhnm land take us into deeper waters. Critics of fast in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were misled into idea that here fleet was extolling the sensible animals and stigmatisation human beings irredeemably beastly and intolerably filthy like the yahoos. it is true that nimble scorn of dissolute man is august but Gulliver is not fast the hot Anglican dean could not have held up to our bungling admiration the houyhnhnms who were of course rational, decent, benevolent and friendly. They control their families to two colts- one male and the other female.They imparted instruction to their young intemperance, industry exercise and cleanliness. The praise of these animals is intend to show how very libertine man can be when he perverts his reason and yields to his passions but if the houyhnhnms burst forth the depths of human depravity, they alike miss the glory of the human action, certainly the modern image that quick is not to be determine with Gulliver does not admit of further dispute. 3. Swift is often accuse of being a pessimist, a misanthropical gloomy misanthropist, a seventeenth coulomb Timon of A thuslys.At any rate this was the ensure of bustling which 18 th and nineteenth cytosine critics of swift had systematically retained This locating has been stoutly challenged by modern critics who have examined the book from a diversity of angles. In the first two books of Gullivers travels in Gulliver s voyage to Lilliput and Brobdingnag, there is obvious fostering though the vote counter shows his freak at the trivia and the squabbles of the pygmies and the commonality of the Brobdingnaginas physical features.In Brodingnaginas, the nine year old Glumdaiclits is full of provide dread for his safety, and is nigh in bust at her fathers greed in intending to hive up cash misdirect exhibiting Gulliver at the market place. The educational system of the Lilliputians and the Brodingnaginas go steady of life are about utopian. The devolve on of pessimism and misanthropy cannot be keep up on the root word of these two voyages. In the third book the voyage to Laputta swift seems to ridicule with unspairing the mischievousness the scientific experiments and philosophic speculations of his time, but ridicule is not misanthropy.The blossom then is make principally on the four book. The Yahoos are undoubted impersonation of human beings they beat out t he feet of the horse and are happy when some piece of asss flesh is thrown and twisted to them. The human kind seems page 6 to be interminably corrupt when contrasted with the Horses, which, by comparison, are governed by reason. at that place seems to be no deliver shade in the Yahoos and the nineteenth atomic number 6 critics had no misgiving to injury the satirist as a misanthrope who dislike man, a pessimist who sawing machine in him not one redeem virtue.The voyage to the Houyhnhnms was even considered more or less diagnostic of mental ailment. But Gulliver was saved by a Portuguese captain, who showed him great graciousness and refused to accept from him his flight money. The presence of take Pedro is whole tolerable to repel the charge of misanthropy. besides are we justify in identifying Gulliver with swift? Gulliver himself is often the dupe of preposterous humour, when he returns home he feels stir with his own wife and family, he erects his hallway in stables, and neighs like a horse.He is here the dupe of the comic muse kinda than the serious reformer of society. In this book, the Anglican reverend appears as a preacher man who believes in original sin and ridicules the eighteenth century fit out about the perfectibility of man. Louis A. Landa has substantiated the soak up that Swifts pessimism is quite sympathetic with the pessimism at the heart of Christianity. She has quoted in support of this view several passages from present-day(a) sermons. in my survey, says another modern critic, the work is that of a Christian humanitarian and a disciplinarian who no more blasphemes against the dignity of human disposition than do St. capital of Minnesota and some of the angrier prophets of the ageing will. It has been sincerely detect that his smash indictment of man arises from philanthropy, not misanthropy, from high-mindedness on what man world power be, not from despair at what he is. By P. Baburaj, older Lectu rer, Dept. of English, Sherubtse college, Bhutan foliate 7