Changing Output Voltage of DC †DC Converters

Changing create potential drop of DC DC ConvertersBen HarperThe Purpose of this investigation is to escort at the effects of changing various comp ints in a 3 volt to 9 volt DC DC converter confront flip on the make potential. The topics put in leave alone be comp atomic number 18d to theoretical values in vagabond to find out whether or non they summate and if non why.BackgroundDC DC converters be re altogethery crucial comp angiotensin-converting enzyments in many various dress circles, they are used in laptops, cars, and cell ph wizards, mainly devices that receive their power from batteries. at that place are frequently sub roundabouts at bottom complex circumferences and these sub hitchs often require a specific electromotive force that is different from the electromotive force that is flowing by the circuit, this is where the DC DC converter comes in, it is used to either step up or step down the potential difference so that the sub circuit peck fit justly. One early(a) use is to step up the potential difference of a battery that is low on power, when batteries become low on power their rig voltage digest decrease making the circuit unable to function just with a step up DC DC converter the turn awayed voltage lavatory be stepped up and change magnitude enough to allow the circuit to continue functioning for longer. This rule is much more efficient than apply triple batteries. Ultimately DC DC converters play various roles in circuits moreover they are congenital and effective.ResearchResistorsResistors are weensy devices usually made of ceramic that laterality the amount of up-to-the-minute flowing done a circuit. The resistance of resistors are mea trued in ohms () When the resistance of a resistor is high the catamenia is low and when the resistance is low the current is high. potential, current and resistance is all connected to one an an some separate(prenominal) by means of Ohms law. Ohm s law stack be stated in words as the current in a resistive circuit is directly proportional to its employ voltage and inversely proportional to its resistance (Ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu, 2014). In the form of an equation it can be defined asResistors can be embed in al more or less any circuit and play a very important role. Certain components within circuits cannot handle high levels of voltage and will back up and become unusable if too much voltage flows finished them, properly put resistors can stop this from happening. There are many other oddballs of resistors such as variable resistors and foil resistors and potentio megabytesCapacitorsCapacitors are very commonplace components that can be found within most circuits and have multiple uses. These components have the ability to store an electrical charge and then sap at certain intervals of measure. They are used for multiple reasons, one of which is their ability to smooth a current. Having a smooth current can precl ude false triggering of sensitive components such as relays. Capacitors are measured in capacitance and this is found using the formulaA capacitor contains sole(prenominal) both conductors that are separated by a single insulating bodily called a dielectric. The dielectric can be one of many different things, plastic, paper, ceramic or air. The two plates can be made of aluminum or a thin film of metal. Electrolytic capacitors have arrogant and negative leads, this means that they are polarized, the capacitor must be placed the right way around or else the oxide insulator on one of the foils will erode and cause the component to become conductive cause it to conduct large amounts of current which results in the electrolytic fluid boiling, twist up pressure and ultimately popping. Non-electrolytic capacitors t annihilate to have a importantly lower capacitance and are normally used to smooth the current in a circuit.Electrocharismatic induction coilsElectrocharismatic inductio n a process that takes place when a conductor is present in a change magnetic field or when a conductor is moves through a non-changing magnetic field. These actions cause voltage to be produced across the conductor. This in all process induces an electrical current. The discovery of electromagnetic induction was made by Michael Faraday in 1981 and he is known for the equation named Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. The equation is as followsFlux is a amount of how much of a vector field passes perpendicularly through a given domain (Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, 2014). A vector field is a vector quantity that can have different values, an example of a vector field is the piddle molecules in a river, in this example the vector quantity changes depending on its location. The vector field that present in electromagnetic induction is symbiotic on multiple things such as location and number of coils. In Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, flux which is represented by the Phi symbol is found usingThe voltage (E.M.F.) created in a coil by a changing magnetic field is proportional to rate in which the magnetic flux changed and the number of winding in the coil (Basic Electronics Tutorials, 2014).TL499A ICThe TL499A is an integrated circuit (IC) that was created for the purpose of providing adjustable regulated supply voltages, by adding a battery amidst 1.1 volts and 10 volts, an inductor, a permeate capacitor and two resistors the IC can function as a step-up displacement regulator. In this specific chip railroad siding voltages can vary between 2.9 volts and 30 volts, but this depends on multiple factors such as stimulant voltage, current and resistance. This IC was designed to be a back-up step up permutation regulator in the instance of an ac-line failure. The top view of the IC can be seen below in project 1.Inside of the IC there is a complex circuit that consists of multiple crystal rectifiers, electronic transistors, resistors and capacitors. Refer to Figure 2 below for a detailed circuit diagramTransistorsTransistors are a form of switch, nearly all circuits will have at least one transistor. There are two main types of transistors, the most common is NPN but there is also PNP. When p-type and n-type materials are placed in contact with each other, the junction behaves very differently than either type of material alone. Specifically, current will flow readily in one direction (forward biased) but not in the other (reverse biased), creating the basic diode. This non-reversing doings arises from the nature of the charge transport process in the two types of materials. ((Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, 2014)). There are all different kinds of transistors that come in different shapes and sizes but they always have three legs. There is the base, the collector and the emitter. The base is prudent for the activation of the transistor, the collector is the positive leg and the emitter is the negative leg.Diod esDiodes are very common components that can be found in many circuits, the function of a diode is to cause electricity to flow in one direction. A diode is an electrical device allowing current to move through it in one direction with far greater ease than in the other. The most common kind of diode in modern circuit design is the semiconductor diode, although other diode technologies exist. (Allaboutcircuits.com, 2014). There are a couple of(prenominal) diodes placed within the DC DC converter assembled for this investigation but there are multiple diodes found within the TL499A IC.HypothesisBy changing resistors R1 and R2 within the Jaycar DC DC converter kit the output voltage will vary. An increase in the resistance between these two resistors in parallel will result in an increase in output voltage.AimThe aim of this experiment is to determine whether or not decreasing the voltage of two parallel resistors will increase the output voltage of the entire circuit. By decreasin g the resistance the current will increase and therefore allow a higher output voltage from the IC. output voltage can be varied from 2.9 V to 30 V by adjusting the input of current which can be changed using the two external resistors (Datasheetlib.com, 1984).Experimental procedureMethodIn order to determine the effects that the external resistors, R1 and R2 have on the circuit, they must be replaced with resistors of varying values. Once the resistors have been replaced the circuit must be connected to a power pack and the output voltage must be recorded. This process must be repeated with different resistors until there is a satisfactory amount of data collected.MaterialsSoldering ironHeat consequence matsResistorsSolderSpongeResultsResults PracticalThe second change made was to R2, it was driven after changing the resistor R1 that the current flowing through the circuit was the variable that directly affected the output voltage of the entire circuit. The lower the output curre nt the higher the output voltage was.Input VoltageResistance of R1Resistance of R2Output Voltage322000 Ohms27000 Ohms4.26 Volts315000 Ohms180000 Ohms4.94 Volts333000 Ohms39000 Ohms5.83 Volts327000 Ohms180000 Ohms7.38 Volts333000 Ohms220000 Ohms8.95 Volts347000 Ohms270000 Ohms11.92 Volts356000 Ohms560000 Ohms14.81 VoltsResults TheoreticalInput VoltageResistance of R1Resistance of R2R1, R2 ParallelOutput Voltage322000 Ohms27000 Ohms12122.454.51315000 Ohms180000 Ohms13846.154.97333000 Ohms39000 Ohms178756.05327000 Ohms180000 Ohms23478.267.55333000 Ohms220000 Ohms28695.658.95347000 Ohms270000 Ohms38726.5911.99356000 Ohms560000 Ohms50909.0914.91The graph preceding(prenominal) represents the change in resistance as the output voltage increase.Sources of flawThere are many different come-at-able sources of error within the procedure that is undertaken during this experiment. The power packs at Albany Creek State graduate(prenominal) school do not all give out the jog amount of voltage most multimeters are faulty and can give false readings, and with the resistors being constantly soldered and unsoldered in order to replace them there may be a drop in accuracy collectible to the board melting a small amount or a soldering joint not being done properly. Any other sources of error would be related to physical factors such as temperature and would have minimal and negligible effect on the final results.DiscussionIn any situation where more voltage than what is available is needed when DC current is being used, a step up converter is the solution. The circuit that was put together for this experiment can deliver between 4.5 and 20 volts output depending on the input voltage and the configuration of the resistors. Figure 1 contains a diagram of the TL499A power supply IC. Within the IC there is a series and a switching regulator. The switching regulator is creditworthy for the operation of the step up pulse width modulated DC DC converter. A single variable frequenc y oscillator operates a transistor that is a switch between one side of a elevate inductor and ground. In Appendix A it can be seen that the end of the inductor is connected to the positive battery output while the other is connected to pin six of the IC, pin six is the collector of the switching transistor. When the transistor turns on current flowing through L1 rapidly increased while it holds energy within the magnetic field of the inductor. The inductor whole works by producing voltage when a conductor is moving through a magnetic field and when this field collapses it causes all of the electricity that was being stored in the magnetic field to discharge. When the transistor is powered down it turns off and the magnetic field breaks down producing an immediate increase in voltage. This allows the blocking diode to conduct, therefore transporting the voltage from the inductor to the capacitor that serves as an output filter before it carries on to pin 8 of the TL499a. The secon d transistor creates a section of a cycle by cycle current hold circuit (Ti.com, 2014). This current turns off the switching transistor when the current through it reaches a predetermined level (Ti.com, 2014). The circuit uses a fixed time arrangement to preserve a controlled output voltage in changing load environments, the changing frequency can be as small as a couple kHz but with the highest load and last possible input voltage, it rises to over 20 kHz. DC voltage applied to pin 1 flows into the output at pin 8 through the transistor. The base of Q3 is driven by an error amplifier, which compares a 1.26 volt write voltage on its non-inverting input with the voltage at pin 2. (Datasheetlib.com, 1984) The output voltage is determined by the equationBy choosing reserve values for R1 and R2, the output voltage of the entire circuit can be set for any voltage between 4.5 volts and 20. From the data collected it is shit that they the resistance does increase with resistance of R1 and R2. The data does not completely match the theoretical values and the difference between them varies significantly, this is most likely out-of-pocket to the fact that different power packs were used for some of the of the measurements, it could also be an effect of repeatedly soldering and unsoldering the join where the resisters were placed. The clear increase in voltage with the increase in resistance makes it obvious that the results are substantiating of the hypothesis and create a clear pattern that shows the increase of voltage that is relative to the resistance. The results do not go past an output voltage of fifteen therefore the limits have not been tested, it has been stated the TL499A has a stripped output of 2.9 and a maximum output of 30 volts (Datasheetlib.com, 1984). One possible way of improving the results and increasing the accuracy would be to find an hi-fi power pack to use on the circuit, another viable weft would be to use the same power pack and mult imeter for every measurement that is made therefore the results would not be accurate but they would be precise. In order to get accurate results the power pack and multi meter must be tested and it must be made sure that the power pack has the correct output voltage and the multimeter reads the voltage output correctly. Another investigation that this experiment could lead to could be the effect of varying the input voltage to an induction coil.ConclusionIn conclusion the results collected from the DC DC converter ultimately support the hypothesis presented to begin with in the report that by changing resistors R1 and R2 within the Jaycar DC DC converter kit the output voltage will vary. An increase in the resistance between these two resistors in parallel will result in an increase in output voltage. The results corroborate with multiple other theories and laws. This DC DC converter can be altered by simply changing the resistance of resistors R1 and R2 and this is supported b y a fit amount of both primary and secondary data.BibliographyAllaboutcircuits.com, (2014). 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