Photoelastic Methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Photoelastic Methods - Assignment Example There has been recent methods namely Converging Light Method, Scattered Light Method and freezing Method, which are used in direct application of three dimensional models. In the engineering field, this method of photoelasttic analysis of stress is important as it is used to calculate stresses under different circumstances. A series polariscope involves an optical instrument that is used in performing the measurements of quantitative strain through photostress reflection photoelasticity method. The device is lightweight and compact and easy to operate. It is always designed for the tripod mounting or hand hold. It is always equipped to accommodate different special purpose accessories that adapt it to perform different tasks of measuring the strain with the photoelastic coatings. This experiment was conducted with a view to apply the photoelastic methods of measuring stress to get the values of the normal stress values of a beam and making a comparison of the measured stress values computed from the theory of elementary material strength. The study sought to compare theoretical values with measured values of the beam deflection. This study also sought to demonstrate the use and application of Maxwell’s law of reciprocal deflections In this experiment, the focus was on beam analysis. It involved applying the photoelastic techniques, and testing the cantilever beam. The aim was to use the Cantilever beam to help understand the fringe by relating to the magnitude of strain. As often the case, the cantilever beam is always coated at one end using a photostress plastic and clamped to the table’s or bench’s edge. Besides, the sought to measure the deflection using the dial gage and the stress found by photoelasticity. The beam dimensions were taken and mounted to the needed fixed support with the help of a C clamp. A single dialing indicator was put at the beam’s center and the other next to the free end

The Creation of a Common Market for Financial Services in the European Union Essay Example for Free

The Creation of a Common Market for Financial Services in the European Union Essay Of all the global achievements in the last 50 years, economic integration in Europe may be considered as the most notable of all. From a continent separated by war and differences in culture, Europe has proceeded to become an economic and political leader today. The formation of the European Union (EU), the accession of the 15 European countries to the Community, and the introduction of a single currency which were all deemed too difficult have all become realities, proving skeptics that there is hope for a united Europe. From the beginning, the idea behind united Europe centered on economic prosperity. While conflicts in European countries were political in nature, it was almost always related to resource allocation. The signing of the Treaty of Rome in 1957 signaled the start of a gradualist approach to building the European Union as we know today. By preventing the establishment of monopolies, enabling the creation of common policies and granting commercial privileges to the colonies of the Member States, the Treaty of Rome put into motion the progressive economic integration which in turn, led to the longer term objective of political union in the continent (Ocana 2003). The Treaty of Rome paved the way for the creation of a common market wherein persons, services and capitals can freely move across borders. Yet, despite the freedom of establishment set out in Article 43, the freedom to provide cross border services as provided by Article 49 and the free movement of capital espoused by Article 59 (European Council 1957), the focus in these early years were mainly on the abolition of tariffs and excise taxes. Following the recession in the early 1980s (also termed as eurosclerosis), the Heads of States have decided to complete the plans for an internal market. As early as 1985 the potential of a common market for financial services was already recognized. In the 1985 White Paper published by the Commission of the European Communities, it said: â€Å"In the Commission’s view, it is no exaggeration to see the establishment of a common market in services as one of the main preconditions for a return to economic prosperity†¦the liberalization of financial services will represent a major step towards Community financial integration and the widening of the Internal Market† (Commission of the European Communities 1985). This is a fact that the modern day European Commission (EC) still believes in. With more efficient allocation of capital, the Commission hopes to ensure long-term economic performance. More than 20 years after the publication of the 1985 White Paper, Europe is in economic turmoil. Critics have started pinpointing the flaws of creating the EU, and the Commission must again enumerate the advantages of an integrated financial market, as well as report on the developments aimed at this direction. What are the different steps made toward financial integration? What are the specific features of the liberalization program? What are the results achieved from these reforms? These are just some of the issues which will be discussed in this paper. What does a Single Market Look Like? While so many legislators talk about the Single Market for financial services, very few actually understand what it is, and what can be expected from it. In sum, however, a fully functioning unified market allows buyers and sellers of assets to deal with one another, regardless of the location of their systems and infrastructure. It allows market participants, both the intermediaries (brokers) and the end users, to raise funds and profit in all Member States without fulfilling additional licensing requirements. Financial institutions which legally operate in one Member State can open new cross border operations without needing to pay additional fees or acquiring new certification from the host country. These same institutions are also given access to all essential systems and infrastructures they will need to continue their operation (The Working Group in City of London 2000). All financial institutions duly licensed in their home countries can work as intermediaries in the financial market offering the same functions, products and services across all Member States. In the same manner, infrastructure providers are free to offer their services in any country which belongs to the EU (The Working Group in City of London 2000). Needless to say, a Single Market is a venue for competition and innovation. It enables Member States to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the 27 countries and 480 million people in the Community without worrying about the risks. It allows Member States to take advantage of the benefits of free trade, while at the same time erecting safeguards that can protect their own economy from increasing volatility which is a major characteristic of globalization. The Benefits of a Single Market According to the EC, the completion of a â€Å"single market [for] financial services is†¦a crucial part of the European Commission’s overriding objective of achieving more and better jobs in a more dynamic, innovative, attractive Europe† (European Commission 2010). Keep in mind that the financial market deals mainly with savings (whether individual or institutional) which can then be used as capital. With a Single Market for financial services, Member States can hope to achieve the following advantages (The Working Group in City of London 2000: pp. 7-8): †¢ Improved allocation of capital, due to the lower transaction costs and higher market liquidity. †¢ More efficient movement in the security market which allows savings to become investments. †¢ More innovative financial systems which lead to a diversified (hence, a more stable) portfolio of investments. †¢ More efficient financial transactions as brought about by the competition among financial intermediaries in the EU. †¢ Increased opportunity to take advantage of the economies of scale. In the 1985 White Paper, it was stated that in order for the internal market to become a possibility, firms and private individuals must have access to more efficient financial services. With open competition among financial institutions, they will be forced to reevaluate their processes so that restrictions to capital movements are kept to a minimum (Commission of the European Communities 2005). The White Paper also believed that more efficient financial transactions will reinforce the European Monetary System and ensure the stability of the exchange rate (Commission of the European Communities 2005). Even in those early days, it was already known that the free movement of capital coupled with greater financial freedom will enable Member States to enact sound economic policies, hence, promote economic stability. In recent years, the need for a Single Market for financial services has become even more important. With the improvement in technology came the increased access to knowledge and information, which in turn affected strategic decisions and competition. In order to survive a globalized economy, companies have to find more efficient processes so that they can take advantage of the economies of scale. And yet, even the creation of efficient processes will require capital. With lesser restrictions among EU countries, companies can now raise funds from any side of the Community. Aside from this, the high interest rates have led to the increase in the demand for high-yield securities and assets, but with the deceleration in productivity came the need to manage portfolios more actively. Investors have become more wary and will not release capital without the assurance of profit. With a Single Market for financial services, the EU has provided stability in portfolios because of the increase in the number of investment tools available in the Community. A Single Market for financial services allows capital to flow smoothly because it provides investors an attractive market where there are more opportunities to pool risk, as well as improved chances to profit. With the increase in the flow of investments in all financial institutions in the EU, businesses can have additional sources of capital which they can then use to expand their operations, and provide employment. The â€Å"achievement of the Single European financial market is the most crucial [factor] in creating the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of sustainable growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion† (The Working Group in City of London 2000: pp. 8). For citizens, a single market for financial services meant that the capability to open bank accounts in any country in the EU, buy and sell shares in foreign companies, purchase real estate – basically to find an investment with the best return. On the other hand, for companies, it means the ability to invest (and own) other European companies and play a big role in their management. The financial market is a global industry where global players seek international markets which will give the best advantages in terms of cost, profit, flexibility and liquidity. An integrated European financial market makes available a number of opportunities – from retail investors, to wholesale financial markets for global traders. Steps toward Financial Integration in the EU The move towards financial integration in the EU can be traced as far back as the 1970s with the release of the major directives in banking, insurance and investments. The first banking directive focused on the establishment of credit institutions within the Community. According to this directive, all banks operating in the Community which have plans of establishing operation on another country must obtain authorization from the supervisory body of the host country. At the time, European Community (EC) banks were subject to restriction, especially in the range of activities they can perform. Many of these restrictions are listed on the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Keep in mind, however, that this directive has been issued in the 1970s while the similar legal framework from the World Trade Organization (WTO) was released only in the 1990s. By 1989, a new banking directive was released. The second directive introduced a single banking license wherein the bank’s home country is responsible for checking the financial institutions’ overall solvency, and the fulfillment of minimum capital requirements. Once the bank was licensed in its home country, it can then expand its operations to other Member States without completing separate authorization requirements (Pasadilla 2008: pp. 3). Aside from these two directives, other directives affecting banking policies were released. Some of them were involved the harmonizing of accounting rules, the removal of exchange controls, the setting of minimum capital requirements, and the definition of banking activities. Integration in insurance and investment mirrors the same steps made in banking. Major directives were also released, each one amending the previous. The first directive in this sector paralleled the first banking directive wherein authorization procedures were outlined. In a subsequent directive, the home country control was enhanced and certain supervisory provisions were specified.

Indian Camp and Soldiers Home Young Women as Objects Essay -- essays p

Indian Camp and Soldiers Home Young Women as Objects In Ernest Hemingway's short stories "Indian Camp" and "Soldier's Home," young women are treated as objects whose purpose is either reproduction or pleasure. They do not and cannot participate to a significant degree in the masculine sphere of experience, and when they have served their purpose, they are set aside. They do not have a voice in the narrative, and they represent complications in life that must be overcome in one way or another. While this portrayal of young women is hardly unique to Hemingway, the author uses it as a device to probe the male psyche more deeply. *Paragraph Break*"Indian Camp" opens with an all-male convoy of rowboats heading across the lake, with young Nick, his doctor father and his Uncle George off to see an "Indian lady [who is] very sick." As they disembark on the other side and follow a young Indian bearing a lantern to the camp where childbirth is taking place, the men's guiding interest is not in the mother-to-be as a person, but in her physiology as a case study. When they find her screaming in bed, Nick's father dehumanizes her by saying: "[Her] screams are not important. I don't hear them because they are not important." *Paragraph Break*Bitten by the young woman during labor pangs, Uncle George reacts instinctively: "Damn squaw bitch!" She is not seen as a co-participant with the men overseeing the birth. Instead, she is merely an object they are operating on, a "bitch" soon to whelp her pup, so to speak. The "studied control of the father and doctor as rational man" (DeFalco 30), a carefully constructed pose, stands in contrast to the young woman's inarticulate helplessness in childbirth. The likening of the docto... ...on to leave behind his hometown with its plethora of beauties underscores his view of young women as inconsequential objects of pleasure. *Paragraph Break*Both "Indian Camp" and "Soldier's Home" place young women in a secondary, objectified role. Hemingway takes this approach to focus attention on the psyches of his male protagonists, self-obsessed in their youth or war-weariness. It may not endear the author to feminist readers, but it does make for some powerful short fiction. Bibliography: 1.DeFalco, Joseph. The Hero in Hemingway's Short Stories. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1963. 2.Flora, Joseph M. Ernest Hemingway: A Study of the Short Fiction. G.K. Hall & Co., 1989. 3.Westbrook, Max. "Grace under Pressure: Hemingway and the Summer of 1920." Ernest Hemingway: The Writer in Context. Ed. James Nagel. University of Wisconsin Press, 1984.

Capital investment Essay

Capital investment:regardless of whether they involve a tangible or intangiable asset. The incestment creates wealth if the discounted value of the future cash flow exceeds the up front cost. The problem is what to discount- stick to these rules: 1. Only cash flow is relevant. Net present value depends on future cash flows it’s the difference between cash received and cash paid out. Cash should be recorded only when they occur and not when work is undertaken or a liability is incurred. Ex: taxes should be discounted from their actual payment date. 2. Estimate cash flows on an incremental basis. The value of a project depends on all the additional cash flows that follow from project acceptance. Some things to watch for when you are deciding which cash flows to include: a. Do not confuse average with incremental payoffs. you will sometimes encounter turnaround opportunities in which incremental NPV from investing in a loser is strongly positive. These benefits should be net of all other cost. b. Include all incidental effects. Sometimes a new project will help the firms existing business. c. Forecast sales today and recognize after-sales cash flows to come later. Many manufacturing companies depend on the revenues that come after their products are sold. d. Do not forget working capital requirements. Net working capital aka working capital is the difference between a company short term assets and liabilities. Most projects entail an additional investment in working capital, which should be recognized in your cash flow forecasts. e. Include opportunity costs. Is the cash it could generate for the company if the project were rejected and the resource were sold or put to some other productive use, which prompts us to warn you against judging project on the basis of before vs after or with or without. f. Forget sunk costs. They are past and irreversible outflows, cannot be affected by the decision to accept or reject the project and so they should be ignored. g. Beware of allocated overhead costs. We should include only the extra expenses that would result from the project. h. Remember salvage value. The salvage value represents a positive cash flow to the firm, but some have shut down costs in which case the final cash flows may be – 3. Treat inflation consistently investors that inflation into account when they decide what is an acceptable rate of interest, tax saving from depreciation do not increase with inflation. Discount nominal cash flows at a nominal discount rate. Discount real cash flows at a real rate. Never mix real cash flows with nominal discount rates or nominal flows with real rates. Operating cash flow= revenues-cash expenses-taxes Separating investment and financing decisions: we analyze the project as if it were all equity financed, treating payments as cash outflows as coming from stockholders and all cash inflows as going to them, we do this to separate the investment decision from the financing decision. Investments in working capital: working capital increases in the early middile yearps of the project. working capital summarizes the net investment in short term assets associated with a firm, business, or project- the most important components are inventory, AR,AP. Working capital= inventory+ ar-ap Working capital increases for several reasons: 1. Sales are increasing and customers are slow to pay their bills, A/R ^ 2. Age properly. As projected sales increase, larger inventories have to be held in the aging sheds. 3. Payments are delayed, which ^ A/P Additional investment in working capital=increase in inventory+ increase in A/R – increase in A/P

What is Black History Month?

Surprisingly, the answer to that seemingly simple question would have a multitude of different answers, varying in degrees from full support to total outrage, depending on who was asked. The extreme fluctuation in emotional reaction to what appears on the outside to be a month long celebration of heritage lies in the different opinions of some very complex issues. Arguments over the benefits versus harm, and the definition of black history itself are at the core of this heated debate.The month long focus on the history of Black Americans, known as Black History Month, was brought to life by Dr. Carter G. Woodson. Dr. Woodson, â€Å"one of the first black Americans to receive a Ph. D. from Harvard university† (Gearing Up For Black History Month, 2007), was disturbed in the lack of knowledge and availability of Black History in America of any kind. Woodson felt strongly about this lack of history for an entire ethnic group and felt the need to create a forum that would, â€Å"h ighlight the contributions of black Americans to our nation and the world.His goal was to bring to light the â€Å"‘hidden history and culture† of the American people, and through this special observance, help all Americans to appreciate their ethnic roots and develop a mutual respect among the races. † (Gearing Up for Black History Month, 2008) He chose the second week in February because of its association with two great men who had a great impact on the destiny of African Americans: Abraham Lincoln and abolitionist, Frederick Douglas. Today it is even more fitting that this remembrance beobserved in February, as it holds many great achievements for Black Americans including; the birth of a great civil rights leader W. E. B. DuBois, the month that the 15th amendment was passed allowing black’s to vote, the acceptance of the first black senator, and the death of militant leader Malcolm X, naming just a few. (Infoplease, 2009) From the beginning, Woodsonâ⠂¬â„¢s motivation in launching Negro History Week was an, â€Å"initiative to bring national attention to the contributions of black people throughout American history. † (â€Å"Black History Month†, 2000)Prior to that time Black history had been relatively unexplored except for the representation of blacks as slaves or in low and insignificant social positions. (Wikipedia, 2009). However, even from its inception as Negro History Week, this period of remembrance has been a source of contention. Annually, this heated debate over the, â€Å"continued usefulness and fairness of a designated month dedicated to the history of one race† (Wikipedia, 2009) has broken itself down into three major arguments. The first and most hotly debated topic is mainly that of purpose.What is the real underlying purpose of this celebration? One side proposes the benefits of self-identity while the other argues degradation of society. Those who argue on the side of identity feel strong ly that the affects of â€Å"historical amnesia† is the root of the problem. Their position that the long term affects of slavery on the mentality of the people had a more devastating effect than generally understood. (Pitre, 2002) Black History serves the purpose of helping African Americans understand themselves by looking at the uniqueness and origin of their history in relation to the development of world history.Black history would encourage Black Americans to embrace their personal identity as opposed to self-negating one's self (Karenga, 1982). (Pitre, 2002) Connecting with their larger past will give Black Americans the ability to see themselves as part of a repeating cycle of world history that is everchanging and full of opportunity for freedom and productivity. (Pitre, 2002) It is this great power for healing found in our histories that is so indispensable. For history is the substance and mirror of a people's humanity in others' eyes as well as in their own eyes.I t is then, not only what they have done, but also a reflection of who they are, what they can do, and equally important what they can become as a result of the past which reveals their possibilities (Karenga, 1982, 69). (Pitre, 2002) With the desire to let Black Americans have the opportunity to see themselves in a better, broader light and thus inspire all Americans to achieve to become better, proponents of Black History Month encourage schools and educators to enlighten the minds of America’s youth by learning about American history through another ethnic perspective.The aim of a multicultural education is not just an â€Å"appreciation for cultural diversity† (Pitre, 2002) but also a more compassionate perspective that will lead to a more equitable America. It is important to note, however, that in a quest for real multiculturism, learning about Black history is not merely a recitation of a handful of accomplished Black Americans. It is much more than a compilation of inspiring stories, and more of a frank and honest look at the often horrifying realities of the past. It is by looking at history in an unbiased way that truths can be taught, and real lessons learned.For example, one Southern high school committed to multicultural program fought back against the tendency to use a watered down method of inviting speakers with limited knowledge of Black American history or who teach history within the acceptable set framework of the dominant culture. Instead, the high school students chose a non-traditional, Islamic speaker to share historic facts and how they related to the struggles of Black Americans today. The result was outstanding. The reaction of the students was an emotional self-realization that resulted in a life-changing experience. (Pitre, 2002)However, this opportunity to candidly look at the past and see the effects it has had on the present appears to be the root of the problem for those that oppose the observance of Black History Month. Among some of the most ardent fears is the supposition that teaching students the realities of history will color both Europe and the U. S. as bad actors on the world stage. They accuse Black American scholars of having the intention of rewriting history. Disturbingly, at the same time they proffer the weak argument that taking time out for multicultural education takes time away from basic work skills education.(Pitre, 2002) Furthermore, they strongly suggest that teaching Blacks about the â€Å"historical injustices perpetrated against them† (Pitre, 2002) will inspire vengeance against Whites. Any program or curriculum that induces people of African descent to group themselves in opposition to White policies must be squashed in the name of our mutual safety as White people (Kincheloe & Steinberg, 1997, 7). (Pitre, 2002). In addition to these arguments are the attacks that the honoring of Black History Month is nothing more than an opportunity for a marketing device.U nfortunately, this is perfectly illustrated in a flyer encouraging the observance of Black History Month: A community is only as strong as the traditions that hold it together. Procter & Gamble products such as Tide, Bounce and Downy have been a part of the traditions celebrated by African-American families for generations. (Black History Month: Reminds Us of Our Common Experiences and Hopes, 2005) Furthermore, this heated debate over the beneficial versus detrimental perspectives on Black History Month is often subsequently followed by the controversial question of, â€Å"What is Black History?† In one historians point of view, Black History should be understood as Black History that focuses on Black people, their identity, their culture, their social life, their psychology, and the way they have used these ethnic, group, and personal attributes to make history in America and to contribute to histories, countries, and peoples elsewhere on the globe. (Wright, 2002) This very important ideal holds that as Blacks uncover and reveal the truth of their history awareness of White people in American history will also be enlightened.By motivating Black historians to present the truth in a scholarly manner and thus provide the moral guidelines for Black political behavior in America, the racism that scarred the country and the attitudes and beliefs of its people can begin to heal. (Wright, 2002) This ever-present problem of seeking identity through the looking glass of the past is not just an American issue. In the United Kingdom, with large communities of many different ethnic groups the struggle to celebrate Black History Month sheds light on this question of identity in a much clearer way.In an effort to teach Black History and keep school programs alive, they have confronted the issue that their traditional teaching of Black History month focusing on Caribbean Black History is â€Å"failing to connect with the new migrant communities such as the Somalis. T he compelling questions are about making sense of a world whose problems seem dominated by historic questions of identity. †(Hunt, 2006) This search for identity runs deep. As Black Americans struggle to find an acceptable way to identify themselves today and build a stronger foundation for the future, the debate will go on.However, there are still some basic issues with name identity that appear to add to the confusion. For instance, just the identification as Blacks, Black Americans, African Americans, Afro Americans or the orthographical capitalization of the letter â€Å"B† as in black Americans, has caused a strain on the black American community. The suggestion by some black historians that all black Americans are African American became a popular reference even though most Blacks disagreed and saw themselves only as Black Americans, and not identifying themselves in relation to Africa at all.(Wright, 2002) Obviously identity is an important part of viewing not on ly the past, but more importantly, the future. Perhaps this is the reason there is so much disagreement and conjecture. Moreover, it is also obvious that until agreements and decisions can be made, the unity that is necessary to achieve the identity so desperately sought after will remain elusive. Regardless of the debate that forges on, and will one day find a resolution; it seems clear that whether it is black history or white history, it is all American history. ReferencesBlack History Month: Reminds Us of Our Common Experiences and Hopes. (2005, February). Ebony, 60, 46+. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5008550464 â€Å"Black History Month: the History of Black History. † Infoplease.  © 2000–2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease. 04 Mar. 2009 . Black History Month. (2009, March 3). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:05, March 4, 2009, from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? tit le=Black_History_Month&oldid=274609871Gearing Up for Black History Month in February 2008. (2007, December). Curriculum Review, 47, 14+. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5024613228 Hunt, T. (2006, October). Whose History Is It Anyway? as Part of the Ongoing Debate over Black History Month, Tristram Hunt Asks for Greater Dialogue between Politicians and Academics concerning the Place of History in Modern Britain. History Today, 56, 28+. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5017655596 Pitre, A. , & Ray, R. (2002).The Controversy around Black History. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 26(3), 149+. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5000644111 Wright, W. D. (2002). Black History and Black Identity : A Call for a New Historiography /. Westport, CT: Praeger. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. co m/PM. qst? a=o&d=101983241 Wright, W. D. (2002). Critical Reflections on Black History /. Westport, CT: Praeger. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=101985175

What It Means To Be A Optometrist †Health Science Essay

What It Means To Be A Optometrist – Health Science Essay Free Online Research Papers What It Means To Be A Optometrist Health Science Essay I think the ideal candidate for tomorrow’s optometrist should be someone who can appreciate the intertwining of technology and optometry, yet at the same time, can understand that optometry is as much an art as it is a science. My determination to become an optometrist has strengthened over the course of many years’ studying, as the more I learned about this profession, better I understood about myself. I choose optometry because of its interdisciplinary nature, its intellectual challenges, and most importantly, the satisfaction in knowing that I can impact people’s lives in a meaningful way through the act of healing. I have never doubted that I want to work in a field of health science. In my postsecondary years, I took many science courses so that I will be well-prepared to pursue higher education in this profession. During a course in Human Anatomy, I came to realize that the human body is indeed the greatest machinery ever engineered, and one thing that attracts me the most is the human eye, the organ which gives us the sense of sight, allowing us to learn more about the surrounding world than we do with any of the other four senses. From that moment, I know what I want to be, an eye doctor, an Optometrist. To explore more in this field and to learn more about being an optometrist, I volunteered in Dr. Chen’s Office this year, who is a doctor of optometry. Interacting with patients, being ready to face every imaginable situation, team work, time and budget management were all valuable lessons I learned from him. In this experience, I realized that optometry is a dynamic and challenging career that allows me to help people, achieve personal growth and community respect. It is a career that filled with exciting challenges and unlimited possibilities, and I know that I will not doubt my conviction to become a good optometrist. Soon after I make up my mind for optometry, I started researching the field. I searched many schools; one that fascinated me is Pennsylvania College of Optometry. Not only because it is the leading institute for vision care worldwide, but also it is the world’s largest comprehensive eye care clinic, The Eye Institution. One of Optometry’s biggest appeals to me is the opportunity to work closely with people and build strong bonds. Tutoring English and Math over the past three years has been a constant source of fulfillment because of the trust my students placed in me and the tangible difference that I felt I made in their academic careers. During my second and third year of University, I volunteered at Mount Sinai Hospital as a Chinese Interpreter. This brought me closer to the health care field, when I go from one department to another to help people with difficult communications with physicians. In the Hospital, I see ups and downs, the tears and smiles, the hard work and the rewards. Seeing the sadness of family members at the slow decline of their loved ones filled me with emotions and desires to help. At better times, when I was able to use a nice chat to distract a patient from his pains, perhaps only for a moment, the good feelings of gratification would brighten my day. I learn ed to be sensitive, to be a good listener, to understand and embrace differences, (simultaneously, realize that how similar we are at the root) and at the same time, to realize how similar we are at the root. Becoming an optometrist seems to be a natural next step in my life. My many experiences have all contributed in making and affirming my decision to dedicate myself into a career in optometry, and Pennsylvania College of Optometry is definitely my first choice. I think this century will be an exciting one for optometric advancements, and I desire to be on the forefront of bringing clear vision to every individual at any age. Research Papers on What It Means To Be A Optometrist - Health Science EssayArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Marketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductStandardized TestingCapital PunishmentPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyLifes What IfsInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesGenetic EngineeringThe Fifth HorsemanBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X

Biography of Erick Erickson

Biography of Erick Erickson Free Online Research Papers Erickson became aware of the massive influence of culture on behavior and placed more emphasis on the external world. Such as depression and wars. He felt the course of development is determined by the interaction of the body, mind and culture. He organized life into eight stages that extend from birth to death. Since adulthood covers a span of many years, erickson divided the stages of adulthood into the experiences of young adults, middle aged adults and older adults. Ericksons basic philosophy might be said to rest on two major themes: 1. The world gets bigger as we go along and 2. Failure is cumulative. 1. Infancy: birth to 18 months, this is trust vs. mistrust our basic strength is drive and hope with this stage there is a big emphasis on the mothers positive and loving care for the child and on visual contact and touch if we successfully go through this stage in life is basically ok and have confidence in the future. If we fail to trust and are always frustrated because our needs are not meet, we meet, we may end up with a feeling of worthlessness and a mistrust of the world in general. The most significant relationship is with the material parent or whoever is our care giver. 2. Early childhood: 18months to 3 years, this is autonomy vs. shame our basic strengths are self control, courage, and will. During this stage we learn to master skills for ourselves, not only do we learn to walk, talk, and feed ourselves we are learning motor skills and toilet training. Here we have the opportunity to build self esteem and autonomy we gain more control of our body and new skills learning right from wrong. Our skills during the terrible twos is our ability to use the powerful word â€Å"no† this develops important skills of the will. If were shamed in the process of toilet training or in learning other skills we may feel great shame and doubt of our capabilities and suffer low self esteem as a result. The most significant relationship is with parents. 3. Play age:3 to 5 years old this is initiative vs. guilt our basic strength is purpose. During this stage we experience a desire to copy the adults around us and take initiative in creating play situations. We make up stories with Barbie and ken toys phones and miniature cars. We also begin to use that wonderful word for exploring the word â€Å"why†. At this stage we usually become involved in the classic â€Å"oedipal struggle† and resolve this struggle through social role identification. If were frustrated over natural desires and goals, we may easily experience guilt. The most significant relationship is with the basic family. 4. School age:6 to 12 years old this is industry vs. inferiority our basic strengths are method and competence. During this stage we are capable of learning, creating and accomplishing numerous new skills and knowledge, this developing a sense of industry. This is also a very social stage of development and if we experience unresolved feelings of inadequacy and inferiority among our peers, we can have serious problems in terms of competence and sef esteem. At this age parents are no longer the complete authorities they once were, although they are still important. 5. Adolescence: 12 to 18 years old this is identity vs. role confusion and our basic strengths are devotion and fidelity. At this stage Development mostly depends upon what is done to us. From here on out, development depends primarily upon what we do. Life is definitely getting more complex as we attempt to find our own identity, struggle with social interactions, and grapple with moral issues. Our task is to discover who we are as individuals separate from our family members of a wider society. If we are unsuccessful in navigating this stage, we will experience role confusion and upheaval. The problem is that we don’t have much experience and find it easy to substitute ideals for experience. We can also develop strong devotion to friends and causes. It is no surprise that our most significant relationships are with peer groups. 6.young adulthood: 18 to 35 years old this is intimacy and solidarity vs. isolation and our basic strengths are affiliation and love. In the initial stage of being an adult we seek one or more companions and love. We try to find mutually satisfying relationships, primarily through marriage and friends, we also begin to start a family. If negotiating this stage is successful, we can experience intimacy on a deep level. If were not successful, isolation and distance from others may occur. When we don’t find it easy to create satisfying relationships, our world can began to shrink as, in defense, we can feel superior to others. Our significant relationships are with martial partners and friends. 7. Middle adulthood:35 to 55 or 65 years old this is generativity vs. self absorption or stagnation and basic strengths are production and care. Middle-aged is when we tend to be occupied with creative and meaningful work and with issues surrounding our family. We can expect to â€Å"be in charge† the role we’ve longer envied. The significant task is to perpetuate culture and transmit values of the culture through the family and working to establish a stable environment. Strength comes through care of others and production of something that contributes to the betterment of society calls generativity when were in this stage we often fear inactivity and meaninglessness. As our children leave home we may be faced with major life changes the midlife crisis and struggle with finding new meanings and purposes. If we don’t get through this stage successful, we can become self absorbed and stagnate. Significant relationships are within workplace, the community and the family. 8. Late adulthood:55 or 65 to death this is integrity vs. despair and the basic strengths are wisdom. Much of life is preparing for the middle adulthood stage and the last stage is recovering from it. As older adults we can 0often look back on our lives with happiness and are content, feeling fulfilled with a deep sense that life has meaning and we’ve made a contribution to life this is called integrity. Our strength comes from a wisdom that the world is very large and we now have a detached concern for whole of life, accepting death as the completion of life. Some adults may reach this stage and despair at there experiences and perceived failures. They may fear death as they struggle to find a purpose to there lives, the significant relationship is with all of mankind. Research Papers on Biography of Erick EricksonPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHip-Hop is ArtEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Hockey GameBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Get Research Experience to Get Into Graduate School

Get Research Experience to Get Into Graduate School Applicants to graduate school encounter fierce competition for admission and funding in todays competitive market. How can you increase your odds of acceptance, and better yet, funding? Get research experience by assisting a faculty member to conduct his or her research. As a research assistant, youll have an exciting opportunity to do the research rather than just read about it and get important experience that will make you stand out in the graduate admissions pile. Why Become a Research Assistant? Aside from the thrill of generating new knowledge, assisting a professor with research provides many other valuable opportunities including: Gaining skills and knowledge that arent easily learned in the classroomWorking one-on-one with a faculty memberExposure to methods and techniques that will help you complete your research and dissertation.Get writing and public speaking practice by submitting papers to professional conferences and journalsDevelop a mentoring relationship with a faculty memberGet outstanding letters of recommendation Engaging in research is a worthwhile experience, regardless of whether you choose to attend graduate school, because it provides you with the opportunity to think, organize information, and demonstrate your commitment, reliability, and capacity for research. What Does a Research Assistant Do? What will be expected of you as a research assistant? Your experience will vary by the faculty member, project, and discipline. Some assistants might administer surveys, maintain and operate lab equipment, or care for animals. Others might code and enter data, make photocopies, or write literature reviews. What general tasks can you expect? Collect data by administering surveys, interviews, or running research protocolsScore, code, and enter data into a spreadsheet or statistical analysis programConduct general library research including literature searches, making copies of articles, and ordering unavailable articles and books through interlibrary loanDevelop new research ideasUse computer skills such as word processing, spreadsheet, scheduling and statistical analysis programsAssist in preparing submissions for local or regional conferences and, if accepted, work on poster or oral presentations for professional conferencesAssist faculty in preparing a manuscript to submit the results of your collaborative research to a scientific journal So, youre convinced of the value of research experience to your  graduate school application. Now what? How Do You Get Involved as a Research Assistant? First and foremost, you should perform well in class, and be motivated and visible in your department. Let faculty know that youre interested in getting involved in research. Approach faculty during office hours and ask for leads on who might be looking for  research assistants. When you find a faculty member who is looking for an assistant, carefully and honestly describe what you can offer (computer skills, Internet skills, statistical skills, and the number of hours per week youre available). Let the faculty member know that youre willing to work hard (be honest!). Ask about specific requirements such as the duration of the project, what your responsibilities will be, and the length of commitment (a semester or a year?). Remember that while you might not find anyone working on a project that you find fascinating, you will obtain excellent experience; besides your interests most likely will change as you gain more experience and education. Benefits for Faculty Youre now aware that there are many benefits to getting involved in research. Did you know that there are benefits for faculty too? They get a hardworking student to do some labor-intensive parts of research. Faculty often depend on students to further their research programs. Many  faculty  members  have ideas for studies that they dont have time to conduct   motivated students  can pick up projects and help to further  faculty research programs. If you develop a relationship with a faculty member, you might be able to help him or her conduct a project that may otherwise remain shelved for lack of time. Involving undergraduates in research also offers the opportunity for faculty to witness a students professional growth, which can be quite rewarding. As you can see, student-professor research relationships offer benefits to all involved; however, the commitment to become a research assistant is a big one. Its your responsibility to ensure that aspects of the research project get done. The faculty member will count on you to get it done right. Your performance here can give faculty members lots of good things to write in letters of recommendation. If you complete tasks competently, you might be asked to take on more responsibility and you will earn excellent letters of recommendation. However, there is a positive payoff from conducting research with faculty only if you perform competent work consistently. If you dont take the commitment seriously, are unreliable, or make repeated mistakes, your relationship with the faculty member will suffer (as will your recommendation). If you decide to work with a faculty member on his or her research, treat it as a primary responsibility and reap the rewards.

Should gay couples be able to marry Research Paper

Should gay couples be able to marry - Research Paper Example Regardless of the legality the same-sex marriages, research show its trend moving in an upward direction. Therefore, this manuscript will critically analyze the issue of same-sex marriages, vitally weighing the positive and the negative aspects of same-sex marital union. Same-sex marriage is an issue that has raised concern for a long time in most communities across the globe. Moreover, the US is among many countries around the world that has experienced many protests, some campaigning for the same-sex marriages, while others against this form of marital union (Mello 64). The pro-gay marriage activists cite several reasons for their relentless campaign for legalization of same-sex marriages. Firstly, these activists argue that gay couples have equal rights as other couple and that disallowing them to practice same-sex marriage is against the freedom of association (Rimmerman and Wilcox 176). Moreover, they argue that it hampers the group’s freedom of religion choice. In additi on, they argue that refuting same-sex marriage is an example of prejudice against the minority, since gay believers form a small minority in most communities across the globe. These critics allege that it has no negative effect on other individuals, since it only affects the gay believers (Aldarondo 122). Some even claim that any marriage should be based on love, regardless of which sex an individual is. Furthermore, pro-gay campaigners argue that same-sex marriage is the in-thing, and civilized individuals should adapt to this ‘modern’ lifestyle. Another reason cited by these activists is that an increase in the number of gay marriages is advantageous to the society, since it will increase the number of child adoptions within societies. This, they claim is possible, since gays are unable to have children and will only rely on adoption (Cahill 53). Some activists claim that a gay union is an association, just like the business associations. As such, people should be all owed to associate, just like other business associates are free to unite. Moreover, these campaigners argue that since the marriage entails, two individuals of the same sex, the two partners will have equal rights (Hull 124). Therefore, since the partners are of the same gender, they will have same responsibilities, thereby improving the financial capability of the couple. On the other hand, the majority of the world communities do not support same-sex marital unions, based on several factors. For instance, the main world religions do not support gay marriage since it is against their sacred teachings (Snyder 99). According to these world religions, marriage should be a sacred union between a man and a woman, with the principal purpose of procreating. As a result, gay marriage does not fit in any world religion. However, gay activists may retaliate to this by alleging that most states’ constitutions provide for freedom of worship as long as it does not harm other individuals (Snyder 98). Same-sex marriage supporters claim to increase the rate of child adoption. However, anti-gays claim that a gay family setting is not a suitable environment to raise children, since these children may grow up with socially unnatural and unaccepted norms. As a result, these children may have serious problems while they grow and interact with other children. This will also bring confusion to the children

How do managers measure organizational Effectiveness Term Paper

How do managers measure organizational Effectiveness - Term Paper Example There have been various attempts to explain organizational effectiveness; some believe it to be completely financial based, others explain it completely based on profits. The next section is a research that tries to explain what organizational effectiveness really is and what role managers play in this. Organizational effectiveness is one of the most essential and most elusive research subjects since the birth of organizational theory. There has been no one explanation for this. There is no ready literature on measures of organizational effectiveness; however there have been four key models that have been mentioned in the literature to measure organization performance. The models approaches are quite different in a few ways however they all aim at one common goal – organization effectiveness. To briefly touch upon these models, the first model focused on production which was considered as the companies output, leadership which highlighted the degree of influence and personal ability, inter - personal conflicts highlighted the possible misunderstanding between team members and team supervisors and lastly commitment which refers to the amount of attachment to the organization. The second model was mainly developed as a management tool. It focused on interrelated organizational processes. This approach used organizational survival and maximized returns as key to effectiveness. Also along with these variables it utilized a few other minor variables which were equally important to run the business smoothly and effectively. These variables were sensitivity to change, promotions, flexibility, adaptability, efficiency, transformations, etc. (Helms, 2008). The third model was a little different and believed that there were six indicators to organizational effectiveness. These indicators varied from internal communications, involvement of board of directors, volunteer involvements, political factors, management

Brand development plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Brand development plan - Essay Example Positioning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 v. Secondary Association†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 vi. Legal Protection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Communicating the new brand†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 i. Marketing Communication†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 a. Advertising†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 b. Personal selling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 c. Sales promotion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 d. Public relations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Possibility of Brand extension †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 R eferences†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 Introduction Nearly all businesses have names they use in trading, from the small scale retailer to the large-scale multinational organization. Product branding has become increasingly fundamental in shaping a product profile. Branding uses names, symbols, labels and layouts to guarantee that a product is recognizable and distinct from competitive products in the market. A product brand signals both the origin of the product and the supplier responsibility for the product. Brand names create trusts and are particularly helpful for promoting the environmental qualities of products when these would otherwise not be apparent. Both the supplier and the customer benefit from branding. From a customer’s point of view, brands help reduce the demand for infor mation when making purchase decisions. Needless to say, they also provide status through the image they display, recognition and expected high quality. In essence, brands create a mental picture that provides focus to the consumer when choosing between several alternatives. From a supplier’s point of view, branding enhances the opportunity for initial sales and repeat buying. By differentiating a product from its rivals, branding provides some scope for pricing discretion, although the extent of discretion depends on the market structure. Lamb et al. (2011) states that a â€Å"company’s brand is the most powerful communication tool in marketing products† (p. 156). I reference to Kotler (1991) a brand â€Å"strategy is built on brand positioning, brand mission and brand promise† (156). This paper discusses the brand strategy for Flash Sports and footwear Incorporation. Flash Sports and Footwear Incorporation deals with both male and female sports and foot wear. This brand name will be used in all its products across the globe. Development of New Brand Being heard in the middle of a competitor’s growling voices is an overwhelming task in contemporary market. This is shockingly proved to be true each time we view the television, read the newspaper or magazine or visit the internet. As a result, there is need for a business to seek and develop new brand to effectively increase awareness and brand loyalty. Though brand development is by no means a new idea, Doyle (1994) asserts â€Å"today consumers have more access to information and more choices than ever before†

The End of the Cold War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The End of the Cold War - Research Paper Example One of the causes was the fact that they differed a lot in ideologies in that the United Nations was capitalist while the Soviet Union’s was socialist. The United Nations was ruled by democracy and they valued freedom, while the Soviet Union was under dictatorial rule where the interests of the state were put first as opposed to those for individuals. This led to the two nations having too many differences as each was antagonistic to the other. In the communist they were ruled majority being oppressed by the minority. On the other hand the capitalist had freedom of liberty, expression and speech, and they were free from political oppression. The other factor that contributed to the fallout between the two former allies was the resentments of the history whereby United States had joined with Britain in 1918 and tried to tear down the Russian revolution and so the Soviet Union feared the same to happen again. On the other had the United States did not forget the Nazi-soviet pact that Stalin had signed with Germany in 1939. This led to a lot of strain to their relationship which led the two becoming rivals (Harper, 46). The other cause of the cold war was differing aims. This was attributed in the fact that the USSR wanted huge compensations from Germany to create other more friendly nations to protect itself from being hit once again. On the contrary the United Nations wanted to protect democracy and also wanted to help Germany to recover from the effects of the world war. Having too many differing ideologies between the two they never trusted one another and viewed everything in a different way thus making it inevitable for the cold war. The other cause of the cold war was the remarks made by Churchill Winston who was a British leader and also an anti-communist. Given the political climate his speech tensions rose which further worsened the relationship between the two. He said â€Å"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an â€Å"Iron Cu rtain† has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow† (Harper, 54). The two nations had never been involved in any conflicts but with all those challenges in their relationships made them develop enmity. It was evident in that the two were no longer friends and they eventually started developing bombs which were meant for each other though it was indirectly. In 1949 the first atomic bomb was developed by the soviet unions and that showed that the enmity had escalated to another level. Another cause why the United States of America was involved in the war was due to the undisclosed telegram sent by German ambassador then in Mexico by Germany ambassador, asking Mexico to assail America from the north. Germany promised Mexico that they could retriev e their lost provinces, including Arizona and Texas. Afterwards, Wilson urged the Congress to employ the rule of armed neutrality. They sent merchant ships to secure their boundaries in opposition to their opponents. They also connected the war due to terror of economic despair if the allied power lost. United States had role to enhance free trade, democracy and peaceful coexistence. America finally became part of the cold

An established founder of a therapeutic methodology or psychological Research Paper

An established founder of a therapeutic methodology or psychological researcher must be the author of the book - Research Paper Example The methods used by Freud in this investigation show a long and detailed relationship of increasing amounts of disclosure between the psychoanalyst and the patient. Freud notes almost as an afterthought that the patient became very dependent on him during this process. The patient would talk to the therapist about his childhood and his dreams as fair and even vital subjects for discussion and subsequent dissection by the therapist in terms of meaning and cause. As is usual in Freud, most of the causes found relate to some sort of incest fantasy involving the arrested development of the ways and through different frustrated relationships This case shows Freud’s treatment of â€Å"The Wolf Man,† an eighteen year old early adult with a fear of upright wolves and disturbing childhood dreams about wolves in trees. The patient’s sister used her knowledge of the patient’s fear of wolves to torment him during early childhood years. The patient was four years old when he had the dream about white wolves in a tree. Freud’s conclusions were ultimately that the adult’s obessional neurosis can be traced back to childhood experiences and desires during the patient’s early childhood stages, at which time he was anxious, hysterical, and had an animal phobia (Freud, 2009). I think that the case focuses on childhood and the patient’s dependent relationship to the therapist. The case was very long and drawn-out. Freud saw the patient’s childhood behavior in terms of relationships with his mother, his nanny, and his sister primarily, but also in terms of relationships with his father which started out positive and then changed when he became jealous of the attention his father paid to his sister. The aggression that the patient felt towards his nanny and sister are explained using Freud’s theory of the castration fear, as well as the patient’s remembered or fantasized portrayals of his

The End of the Cold War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The End of the Cold War - Research Paper Example One of the causes was the fact that they differed a lot in ideologies in that the United Nations was capitalist while the Soviet Union’s was socialist. The United Nations was ruled by democracy and they valued freedom, while the Soviet Union was under dictatorial rule where the interests of the state were put first as opposed to those for individuals. This led to the two nations having too many differences as each was antagonistic to the other. In the communist they were ruled majority being oppressed by the minority. On the other hand the capitalist had freedom of liberty, expression and speech, and they were free from political oppression. The other factor that contributed to the fallout between the two former allies was the resentments of the history whereby United States had joined with Britain in 1918 and tried to tear down the Russian revolution and so the Soviet Union feared the same to happen again. On the other had the United States did not forget the Nazi-soviet pact that Stalin had signed with Germany in 1939. This led to a lot of strain to their relationship which led the two becoming rivals (Harper, 46). The other cause of the cold war was differing aims. This was attributed in the fact that the USSR wanted huge compensations from Germany to create other more friendly nations to protect itself from being hit once again. On the contrary the United Nations wanted to protect democracy and also wanted to help Germany to recover from the effects of the world war. Having too many differing ideologies between the two they never trusted one another and viewed everything in a different way thus making it inevitable for the cold war. The other cause of the cold war was the remarks made by Churchill Winston who was a British leader and also an anti-communist. Given the political climate his speech tensions rose which further worsened the relationship between the two. He said â€Å"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an â€Å"Iron Cu rtain† has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow† (Harper, 54). The two nations had never been involved in any conflicts but with all those challenges in their relationships made them develop enmity. It was evident in that the two were no longer friends and they eventually started developing bombs which were meant for each other though it was indirectly. In 1949 the first atomic bomb was developed by the soviet unions and that showed that the enmity had escalated to another level. Another cause why the United States of America was involved in the war was due to the undisclosed telegram sent by German ambassador then in Mexico by Germany ambassador, asking Mexico to assail America from the north. Germany promised Mexico that they could retriev e their lost provinces, including Arizona and Texas. Afterwards, Wilson urged the Congress to employ the rule of armed neutrality. They sent merchant ships to secure their boundaries in opposition to their opponents. They also connected the war due to terror of economic despair if the allied power lost. United States had role to enhance free trade, democracy and peaceful coexistence. America finally became part of the cold

R&D Proposal TMGT421 (Vaccines for Children Computer Input Manual) Research Paper

R&D Proposal TMGT421 (Vaccines for Children Computer Input Manual) - Research Paper Example Parents, therefore, find themselves looking for their immunization records. We have adopted Vermont Immunization Registry (IMR) at the Family Medical Center, which is a powerful tool to ensure proper treatment and timely immunization. This has helped in saving many by ensuring that the right vaccine is administered to the children (Maciosek et al., 2006). The efficiency of the offices is also improved since the required time to gather review records of immunization is reduced. When there is a disease outbreak, it is very easy for public health departments to identify those individual at risk by the use of registry. Our healthcare facility is accredited with vaccines for children. Data input should be correctly done to be able to guide on the appropriate type of vaccine administered and the relevant time to vaccinate. If this is not achieved, there will be a loss of program, and services will not be offered to the public. The objective of using Vermont Immunization Registry (IMR) at Family Medical Center is to increase efficiency in accessing immunization documentation at the center. With an electronic health record system in place at the medical centre, physicians will be able to submit data to the Vermont Immunization Registry from the electronic data record system directly via the interface. This will be such a superb tool that will ultimately lead to reduced data entry, improve the accuracy of data, fulfill the requirements of data reporting, ensure faster delivery of data, promote timely vaccinations, quick updating of records, easy printing of reports, maintain vaccine inventories, flag contraindications, increase vaccination rates and ensure ultimate improvement of patient care (www.healthvermont.gov). The Vermont Immunization registry will be an exceptional tool to support health care practices at the centre in tracking vaccine information for children at the Family Medical Centre. It will allow the professionals at the

Homelessness Essay Example for Free

Homelessness Essay Homelessness is defined as the situation where one has no decent place to stay mostly because they cannot afford it. Homeless families are those who lack permanent places to live in and instead have to live in shelters, motels, cars, campgrounds or with family members or friends. The extent of homelessness varies with varying factors in the US for instance the geographical location, gender and age. (Levinson D, 2004). Homelessness in the USA is a social or rather a national problem that has been increasing over the years. Giving the exact or accurate figures of homeless people in the US is a difficult task as it tends to be a temporary problem. Again, the approach used to count the homeless people is using the service providers who deal with them paving way for miscounting as not all homeless people would use such facilities. According to a research by the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty in 2007 there were approximately 3. 5million people in America out of which 1. 35 were children. The population affected by poverty is diverse in the sense that it incorporates single adults, adults with children as well as the homeless youth. (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2008). This paper will focus on the nature, scope and population affected by homelessness in the US; it will also highlight the possible solutions to the problem. As David in ‘Encyclopedia of homelessness’ noted one way of estimating the extent of family homelessness in the US was to establish the number of homeless people who were from homeless families. It was established that over 41% of the homeless people came from homeless families. (Levinson D, 2004). The National Coalition for the Homeless estimated that in 2003 the number of children below 18 years was 39% of the total homeless population 42% of which were children below five years of age. In terms of gender, the proportion of the males versus females varied when varying factors were put into account. For the single adults without children males were more than females at 65% but for those with children the proportion was lower at 35%. The number of homeless people with children has been increasing over the years in both the rural as well as the urban areas. (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2008). The history of homelessness in the US dates back to the period before the American Revolution and is therefore not a recent phenomenon. This was triggered by the need to seek better employment opportunities in places far from homes. The issue however came to the public domain in the 1980’s and the federal, state as well as local governments channeled finances to resolve the problem. (Rossi P, 1991). These efforts included the establishment of shelters and housing programs but the problem persisted precipitating the adoption of another model to address the issue. It became apparent that the homeless needed the provision of supportive programs and the housed ‘homeless’ would be treated as tenants in their permanent housing. (Levinson D, 2004). As various scholars have established the major cause for homelessness in the US is poverty which makes houses unaffordable to many who can barely afford the necessities of life let alone the expensive houses. (Ploeg J and Scholte E, 1997). Such people cannot afford food, health care, education and child care. Despite the fact that over the years the economy has been growing and it is expected that people’s standards would improve this has not been attained in a uniform manner. Low income earners have faced the music as their pays have remained relatively low and this situation is made worse by the fact that their jobs offer minimal or no benefits. (Burt R, 1999). Their wages have either remained stagnant or have been falling all attributed to the fact that the bargaining power of the labor unions has reduced and the value of the minimum wages eroded. Temporary or part time jobs, increased globalization and a reduction of jobs in the manufacturing sector also contribute to reduced wages. Reduced wages make housing unaffordable to many as housing costs more than the minimum wage. Proof that the reduced wages play a significant role in perpetuating homelessness in the US can be seen in the high numbers of fulltime employed worker living in shelters. (Levinson D, 2004). A reduction in federal assistance to the poor has also led to aggravated poverty rates which lead to homelessness. Programs that initially assisted the poor for instance the Food Stamps and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families have been reduced and the poor have to feel the full weight of all the costs they need to meet. (Levinson D, 2004). Lack of housing assistance programs also makes the problem of homelessness intense. Low cost housing units introduced were ineffective in realizing the intended goal of assisting the needy. Some were converted to expensive apartments and the poor were left unassisted. A stronger economy sees the prices of housing rise making them unaffordable to many poor people. Levinson D, 2004). There were also minimal house assisted units against a massive number of poor people and many had to stay on long waiting lists. As people wait to be placed on the low cost housing units they had to look for places to live in. Other factors that trigger homelessness include the lack of affordable health care which sees people with an added cost to meet. Domestic violence also leads to homelessness especially when battered unemployed women run away from their battering and bread winner husbands. Mental illness also plays a role in influencing homelessness in the US. Statistics have it that over 15% of the total homeless population suffers from some form of mental illness. Some suffer from chronic or persistent mental illnesses or disorders. (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2008). Natural calamities are also to blame for homelessness in America. A good illustration is the hurricane Katrina and Rita which saw the destruction of over 300000 homes. (Mathison S and Ross E, 2008). Since the problem of homelessness is caused by many factors, no single solution would suffice to whip it out. It is important to adopt both proactive as well as reactive approaches. Proactive measures would be geared to preventing homelessness while the reactive measures would be resolving the problem after its occurrence. It would be vital to ensure that the minimum wage is uplifted so that even the low income earners have a higher amount of money at their disposal. The government ought to renew its commitment in providing low cost housing units. Educational programs among the homeless would place them at a better position in seeking for employment opportunities in the very competitive job market. This way the vicious circle of homelessness would be reduced. The government can also adopt measures that would ensure increased job opportunities as unemployment triggers homelessness. The adoption of community based programs for instance transitional housing as well as emergency shelter only offers temporary solutions and permanent solutions are vital. Since the homeless face many problems ranging from insecurity, inadequate health food supplies and medical care facilities their provision would be effective. (Wiecha L, Dwyer T and Dunn-Strohecker, M, 1991). The government at the various levels must see to it that the homeless gain accessibility to quality health as well as enough and nutritional food. The young children especially those below five years of age must be treated with the specialty they deserve. (Backner I and Bassouk E, 1997). Appropriate strategies must also be enforced to allow those suffering from mental illnesses that can be effectively treated from home gain access to housing as they form a sizable number of the homeless population. Programs to reduce alcohol and drug abuse would also be appropriate in the eradication of homelessness in the US. (Whitt C. 1994).

Importance of a Positive Nursing Image

Importance of a Positive Nursing Image Introduction When we are during a hospital or clinic for treatment or to go to a patient, we will meet with the ladies employees, wearing complete white. They are the nurses World Health Organization treat and assist patients within the hospital several different doctors. Treatment and sensible treatment of the patient, in terms of psychological causes the patient more leisurely keep in hospital and will heal quicker. They were terribly below standing of every patients red under their care. According to Virginia Henderson (2006) explicit the distinctive perform of the nurse is to help the individual sick or well, within the performance of these activities conducive to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the mandatory strength, can or information. Objective Discuss critically the image of nursing currently in Malaysia Importance of a positive nursing image display in the nursing profession Propose relevant strategies to enhance and protect the image of nursing. Nursing image in Malaysia Initially the event of nursing in Asian nation is slow and nursing careers less appealing as low-status views so the presumption instruction doctor solely. This can be as a result of they are doing not perceive the conception of nursing itself. the sector of nursing is wide and may be divided into four basic areas as practiced during this country (Malaysia), covering health nurses, medical nurses, community nurses and nurse teachers. For knowledgeable and qualified, they are going to be appointed to a lot of senior, like woman and chief nurse supervisor nurse supervisor. However, the nurse desires cannot be met by the country at the present. This was attributable to the college leavers dont need or have an interest in venturing into this more and more necessary field, or several might not remember of this growing career with a pretty financial gain. But most of the complaints from patients regarding poor service from workers nurse particularly in government hospitals. Nurses UN agency dont work with discipline and don’t meet the standards properly creating a picture of a hospital and therefore the nurses own image stigmatized. The Ministry of Health ought to look serious regarding this drawback. Attainable consequences of not happy with the quantity of rewards given, the nurse appeared to strike and dont need to try to the work as directed properly. Gratuity not is set properly. Wherever it ought to be, for nurses UN agency work late in the dead of night, every of them must be provided. In fact, wage compensation for operating additional night is enclosed. The government mustnt take gently. The initial step should be controlled to confirm the commonweal taken care of. Patients usually endure treatment at a personal hospital on the premise of desires adequate treatment instrumentality technology and more refined. Moreover, with sensible service from the personal hospital satisfactory. A price, even once the property as long as health is maintained. The government ought to build forceful changes to handle the issues that are usually spoken of, which can indirectly involve the increase of fall of the economy. Importance of a positive nursing image display in the nursing profession The lack of human resources during this space inflicting the government to hunt help from neighboring countries for energy services nurse. Measures like these area unit done by the government alone seeks to boost peoples health. Now, nurses are not any longer considered a career however as a profession thats vital and in nice demand. They not solely facilitate the doctor, however as associate assistant to the doctor closing the treatment and conduct of clinical procedures. In fact, just in case of emergency within the absence of doctors, nurses should modify before the arrival of the doctor. Following the institution of additional hospitals, colleges, medical coaching, medical centers and personal has spread out opportunities for nursing as a profession and upgrade their qualifications to degree level and specific clinical skills. This field offers a lot of the government hospital, Hospital UKM, Universiti Malaysia Medical Centre, National Heart Institute and personal medical centers. Candidates with sheepskin in Nursing are going to be offered profitable pay of quite RM1, 000 and alternative engaging amenities, as well as allowances and medical advantages. The requirement for this profession and to boost the nursing profession, LED the Ministry of Health, several universities and establishments providing nursing programs at sheepskin and degree levels. The program is meant to fulfill the energy desires of nurses for this and also the future area unit dwindling and at identical time rising clinical skills area unit perpetually evolving. The program has options of high educational and skilled is in a position to provide energy nurse with a basic data of nursing data, clinical skills and attitudes of high and noble characters to treat patients effectively. In addition, students are going to be schooled in practice-based theory to produce treatment and comprehensive care to patients. this is often as a result of nursing isnt solely seen in terms of recovery, however embody all alternative aspects of rising the health of people, families and communities, stop malady, treat and rehabilitate patients. High skills ought to be stressed to urge a decent read of the patient. With our work and additional disciplined to require care of the nurses own name within the eyes of the patient. Additionally, the hospital additionally got a reputation and control in high esteem and given satisfactory service patients. In the learning stage, as a sensible discipline, student’s area unit given exposure to the patient and exposure continues throughout, nursing. Besides, student’s area unit exposed to nursing analysis and nursing method. It aims to provide nurses UN agency doesn’t seem to be solely trained and skilled however additionally the characteristic of a tutorial has. With this effort, a stronger quality of labor is inspired. Malaysian nurses area unit in extremely demand by the gulf countries. They furnish an excellent contribution to boosting of the economy of the country. Several nursing theorists and researchers are developed everywhere the globe. They create out their skills suitably. They need contributed greatly to the shopper care improvement. The nurses will voice out and convey out the scientific changes through the nursing journals. Nursing journals area unit taking part in an important role in acts the nursing analysis papers. A number of the analysis has shown that the nurses area unit considerably higher in playing hand hygiene and infection management than doctors. There are units several evidences accessible that nursing analysis has been started long back. The Lady with the Lamp is founding father of fashionable nursing. She has used the scientific principles in taking care of the sick. There is a unit several nursing leaders given a lot of contribution to the event of the profession. Strategies to enhance and protect the image of nursing The need of innovation in health care is important in developing countries like Asian nation. Challenges associated with health care might not be addressed while not developing vital thinking skills to resolve issues and supply effective care arrange. Prime Minister locution recently, Business isnt as was common. So, we have a tendency to all have to be compelled to suppose outside of the box or the scope and enhance the power to provide innovations which will facilitate the daily work or routine nursing tasks. Plenty of power is often enforced. This can be the thought that sought-after independence and freedom suggests that the struggle should continue. Consequently, teachers and long and demanding thinking in clinical follow ought to be the norm in our health care system. With fast advances in medical technology and instrumentation, the nurses within the gift have to be compelled to operate hi-tech instrumentation and apply new clinical techniques and new pharmaceutical product. additionally, nurses operating twenty four hours every day, in any respect levels of service to differing types of patients, families, communities, health care employees and employees in alternative sectors. Therefore, nurses square measure in a very special state of affairs to produce solutions that creative and innovation will produce a true distinction within the daily lives of patients, organizations, communities and also the profession of nursing itself. So that, nurses face a difficult future however jam-packed with new opportunities inside and out of doors the country, then its termed as a nurses Global. This could achieve profession if hes continued to be enlarged from certificate to academic degree. The role of critical thinking in the nursing profession Critical thinking plays a vital role within the nursing profession and each nurse, in spite of the extent or specialization, the necessity to own a complete capability of vital thinking within the course of their daily activities on the duty truthful. Before home additional desires vital thinking by nurse, let we tend to recall the idea of vital thinking to know what its and its importance within the nursing profession. Vital assuming refers to the priceless skills to envision or think on the far side the apparent and sincere effort to seek out logical relationships between concepts. In alternative words, vital thinking could be a special talent firmly on the core principles and theories area unit guided by the logic of research and common sense. As with the other profession, a nurse, certified nursing assistant, or maybe within the nursing profession must have vital thinking nature or special skills. Nurses, as a part of his daily routine, has taken a rational call taking into consideration all the professional and cons, and hit firm conclusions that the planned answer is going to be of the proper kind. Many people usually confuse vital thinking with vital thinking. The two terms dont seem to be a similar and completely different in that means. Vital thinking involves creating a judgment, or take rational selections that may ultimately cause downside resolution. Vital thinking is commonly brought up criticize or supply vital comments. One among the necessary things that distinguish vital thinking from vital thinking, vital thinking associated with freedom of thought, and significant thinking refers to the liberty of thought. Nurses must always have that freedom of thought in doing their daily activities in order that they will use their vital thinking ability to make a decision on the right course of treatment, taking into consideration alternative aspects and explore all potential ways that. The individuals concerned within the nursing profession have been entrusted with the responsibility to produce effective health care to patients, and so be accountable for the patients life. Any wrong selections or activities shunned any thought, or rush, could cause a significant complication always. Therefore, the nurse should use vital thinking skills and make sure that the proper things area unit necessary in treating patients conducted. Vital thinking needs all choices to be explored and therefore the best answer is simply good for your desires met and enforced. Whereas giving treatment to patient, a nurse should make sure that the patient can get relief from treatment, not having any complications, and cannot have any pain or pain throughout the treatment method. Nurse, victimization vital thinking skills He ought to expect the results of treatment and prepared for call. selecting the most effective various, and therefore the weight of the choice is probably going to use foresight orienting vital thinking, and nurses ought to develop this invaluable talent Armed with information and conviction or self-belief. Upgrading the hospital system Each hospital presently awake to all the workers theyre ICT literate. This can be as a result of most of the hospital system is whether or not the system is on-line delivery of patient data like records of previous medical examinations of patients with medication at a pharmacy. The profession of nursing is that the most significant to be Associate in nursing knowledgeable within the field of ICT for the explanation they most upset patients. Thus, there are several steps that have got to be done to make sure that the nursing profession will turn out ICT literate workers. The first step you will be able to take may be a rebate for the acquisition of the iPad by the govt. together with the Malaysian telecommunications like Celcom, Maxis and Digi. Use of iPad will facilitate nursing workers to higher perceive ICT is wide used when whenever to require consecutive patient information hold on within the main hospital system. Therefore, the rebate Nurses will turn out ICT literate workers if enforced within the future. Implementation of the hospital administration was additionally one amongst the steps in manufacturing ICT literate workers. The administration has to send nurses to attend ICT courses unendingly and sporadically. Some samples of courses which will be command are that the thanks to use Microsoft Spreadsheets are typically employed in their career fields to calculate the statistics of patients returning to the hospital or admitted. Among alternative measures should be enforced to produce ICT literate workers is to expand the realm can do on-line net victimization wireless fidelity Associate in Nursing example system nets. Therefore, every nurse is ready to perpetually update their information on ICT. If your association is capable of a good vary of skills a nurse to become ICT literate. Self nurses themselves got to be able to get out of the temperature that unremarkably use manual ways like writing a report of nursing. Once the facilities provided by the hospital itself, as an example in Universiti Kebangsaan Asian country Medical Centre, that provides a CHEtS, medipro, OMS and Master of Education internet to facilitate the daily routine of nurses, thus nurses should have their own initiative to use the power properly. The final step to supply ICT literate nursing profession has to be started from scratch since theyre still in class. The applying of learning in ICT can facilitate folks to be additional ICT literate once turning into a nurse. The hospital administration ought to select workers World Health Organization have already got some information regarding ICT and still train them to become additional knowledgeable. In conclusion, these measures may be applied the nursing profession produce ICT literate workers within the future. Recommendation and Conclusion Based on the issues that are mentioned during a few verses on top of, that understand wherever theres discontent at intervals nursing itself against come back or reward ought to they earn. This is not an awfully difficult drawback. There could also be deviations from the highest or maybe a go-between it. During this field, the sincerity of the work is additional necessary. Typically a service from the nurses themselves werent satisfactory the patient, significantly nurses in government hospitals. This might be the dearth of pay. The nurses strike doesnt do an honest job as a result of my sister rush returns the specified payment. Therefore, the nurses themselves should look out of their own behavior rather not affected their image. Additionally, the upper authorities like the Ministry of Health ought to even be serious issues occurring instead of simply meaninglessness. Additionally, the nurse ought to be additional skilled perspective. Nurses are government employees rather necessary. Therefore, to curb disciplinary issues attenuate, the superior should show smart behavior Associate in Nursing set an example for subordinates. In the space of health care, the nurse may be a one that worked as a care skilled. Nurses are chargeable for the rescue and cured the sick, lookout of their health, and to handle emergencies altogether severe conditions altogether areas of health. Profession nursing may be a field thats terribly valuable. This space includes a high market price and also the prospects are terribly bright. Nurse deemed noble profession as a result of it helps those in would like. Therefore, employment as a nurse to be control in high esteem. Our responsibility is ready to create the patient get physiological condition or otherwise. Positive read of career is greatly required. Additionally, the values of the nurses own birth is critical to confirm that such work is seen higher. Disciplines are required so as to not look squint at others, particularly patients. Advances in self nurses may indirectly raise the name of a hospital. Career nursing profession is one among the most core and a key think about t he success of the system and also the countrys health care services, whereas its thought-about a awfully noble profession, admirable and integrity. References Henderson, V. (2006). The concept of nursing:.Journal of Advanced Nursing,53(1), 21-31. [Last accessed 5th July 2014] Zahrah. (2010). A challenging task in Nursing.Available: http://zahrahnursing.blogspot.com/. [Last accessed 6th July 2014] Utusan. (2005). Kejururawatan Bidang yang penting dan menarik.Available: http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2005dt=0211sec=Pendidikanpg=pe_02.htm. [Last accessed 6th July 2014] Khalilah. (2014). Tokoh Jururawat Malaysia.Available: http://www.sinarharian.com.my/tokoh-jururawat-malaysia-1.239800. [Last accessed 5th July 2014] Harakah. (2014). Tuntut keadilan buat jururawat seluruh Malaysia.Available: http://www.harakahdaily.net/index.php/terbaik-dari-blog/95-terbaik-dari-blog/25301-tuntut-keadilan-buat-jururawat-seluruh-malaysia. [Last accessed 6th July 2014]

The Internet Does Not Equal Isolation Essay -- Internet

The Internet Does Not Equal Isolation The computer has become a centerpiece for almost everyone’s lives. Teachers require homework to be typed, and students go through an Internet search tutorial at the beginning of every year. Communication online plays a role for many people with the introduction of instant messaging, message boards and chat rooms. Even businesses run their companies on computers and sell online. This can bring up controversy. Some believe that the Internet isolates people and takes away face-to-face interaction. Some studies have been done to see if the Internet causes loneliness. Does this mean that all Internet activity does harm to the world? No, in fact, it can do quite the opposite when actual contact is impossible. Internet has the potential to save lives, connect families and friends, and give ill patients a support system. Internet provides exceptional resources for health information, in particular transplants and organ donations. The web provides a great opportunity to share a wealth of information, and informing people about diseases and providing resources helps a lot in patients’ understanding. For example, TransWeb (www.transweb.org) provides a great amount of information on organ transplants and donations. On this site, the latest news, stories and conference information can be found. Another excellent website is the page for the United Network for Organ Sharing (www.unos.org). Under contract from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, this nonprofit organization makes sure that â€Å"News, patient information, statistics, data requests, Internet links, and more are available at this site, as well as the bylaws and regulations that govern tissue allocation† (Sjogren). Dan Sjogren also... ...E-mail eases trauma.† Nationwide News 7 Dec. 2003: 34. Lexis-Nexis. Rodney A. Briggs Lib., Morris, MN. 7 Dec. 2003. â€Å"Internet use may benefit survival of minority/ethnic patients.† Cancer Weekly 18 March 2003: 24. Expanded Acadamic ASAP. InfoTrac. Rodney A. Briggs Lib., Morris, MN. 7 Dec. 2003. Minerd, Jeff. â€Å"The decline of conversation: with everybody wired, we are starved for face-to-face conversation.† The Futurist Feb. 1999: 18. Expanded Acadamic ASAP. InfoTrac. Rodney A. Briggs Lib., Morris, MN. 7 Dec. 2003. â€Å"Peer-to-Peer Computing Can Help Speed Pace of AIDS Drug Research.† AIDS Weekly 16 Oct. 2000. Expanded Acadamic ASAP. InfoTrac. Rodney A. Briggs Lib., Morris, MN. 7 Dec. 2003. Sjogren, Dan. â€Å"Transplant information on the World Wide Web.† AORN Journal 68 (1998): 1035. Expanded Acadamic ASAP. InfoTrac. Rodney A. Briggs Lib., Morris, MN. 7 Dec. 2003.

Disaster Recovery Planning in Banking Sector Essay

On September 11, 2001, the terrorist attack destroyed the World Trade Center in New York, which was the most highly concentrated financial area. This attack not only destroyed the twin towers, but also ruined the financial system. Banks located in the World Trade Center went through an unprecedented disaster. The company’s back-up facilities which were too close to the primary facilities were disrupted as the primary facilities. Single points of failure in perceived diverse routing resulted in failed back-up communications systems. Because of the terrorist attacks of 9/11, there is significant increased focus on the disaster recovery plan. (Robert Bronner, 1997) According to Robert Bronner, banks were among the earliest adopters of information technology in the business world. The widely use of information technology in the bank system forced a new industry – the disaster recovery industry. Disaster recovery plan is an important part of bank business continuity plan. It is a processes or set of procedures that help firms prepare for disruptive events. The goal of the plan is recover and protect a business IT facilities, such as the network, document management system, and core system, in the disruptive events. Those events include both natural disaster such as earthquake and man-made disasters such as power outage. It is impossible that a bank can always avoid disasters, so the disaster recovery plan plays an important role after a bank suffer a disaster. With a careful plan will effetely help the bank to minimize downtime and data loss to ensure some level of organizational stability and an orderly recovery after a disaster will prevail. The Automated Clearinghouse Association was formed by 7 Philadelphia-based banks in the mid-1970s for the sole purpose focus on how to manage bank’s data recovery when bank’s computer systems go down. This group started the disaster recovery industry in 1987 by SunGard Recovery Services. The Important of Disaster Recovery Plan The disaster recovery plan is important to the bank, because the benefits it can obtained from the drafting of a disaster recovery plan. The basic benefits of a disaster recovery plan include (â€Å"disaster recovery plan†): (1) Providing a sense of security (2) Minimizing risk of delays (3) Guaranteeing the reliability of standby systems (4) Providing a standard for testing the plan (5) Minimizing decision-making during a disaster (6) Reducing potential legal liabilities (7) Lowering unnecessarily stressful work environment Disaster recovery plan is a critical proactive approach to banks. Because the objective of the disaster recovery plan is protect the bank do minimize loss during the disaster, planning is vital to the disaster recovery plan. The type of disaster recovery plan can be variety, but all of them should follow three basic measures (1) preventive measures, (2) detective measures, and (3) corrective measures. The purpose of the first measures is to prevent a disaster from occurring. This measure is focus on identify and reduce risks. Preventive aimed to stop a disaster before happening. These measure try to identify the risks before it happens and reduce the happen ratio. To achieve the prevention purpose, the measures may include keeping data backed up and off site, using surge protectors, installing generators and conducting routine inspections. Detective measures are used to find the presence of any unwanted events among the IT infrastructure. They focus on the unfound new potential threa ts. These measures include installing fire alarms, using up-to-date antivirus software, holding employee training sessions, and installing server and network monitoring software. The system which is focus on restores a system after a disaster or otherwise unwanted event takes place is corrective measures. There measures may include keeping critical documents in the Disaster Recovery Plan or securing proper insurance policies, after a â€Å"lessons learned† brainstorming session. (â€Å"Disaster recovery plan†) Banking industry certainly needs the Disaster Recovery Plan. The research shows that among 170 disasters recoveries, 45 were for banks in the last 10 years. (Robert Bronner, 1997) In 2012, hurricane Sandy highlights  the bank’s need for disaster recovery planning. Sandy struck the East Coast of Manhattan, where is the location of Wall Street. Many banks’ headquarter located on the East Coast, such as Citi and Bank of American, were flooded under water. The financial markets in New York City were closed for at least two days cause loss of millions of dollars. Disasters are unexpected and costly, so the planning is critical for the bank to reduce loss from disasters. Disaster recovery is of particular importance for the banks than other businesses because the huge demand of services during times of community disaster. The average bank is multi-plat formed, with multiple locations and varied operations and computer applications. For example, Chase Bank has over 19,500 ATMS and 5,600 branches across the country. Mergers and acquisitions make the bank facing a more complicated situation. Mergers and acquisitions have caused banks to endure more different kinds of applications. Basically, banks run 20 to 30 critical applications simultaneously. When organizations merger or are acquired, a bank may run 40 to 60, double than before, critical application at the same time. Furthermore, because the bank’s global expanding, the banks operations become more decentralized that expands their reach beyond the back office into satellite locations. Last, banks are still relying heavily on paper. For example, the bank often needs the copy for its customers’ copy of ID. If a bank suffers a disaster, what would happen to these decentralized operations and manifold applications? What happens to the many paper transactions in branches that have not entered the central system? As soon as the disaster happened, no matter its man-made or natural, despite of its local or nation, it can disrupt critical business operations significantly for weeks and sometimes months. Thorough preparation can shorten recovery time dramatically and keep banking operations ongoing. (Robert Bronner, 1997) The planning methodology According to Geoffrey H. Wold of the Disaster Recovery Planning Process, 1997, an integrated plan should include 10 steps 1. Obtain Top Management Commitment Top management in the bank must support and involved when developing  a disaster recovery plan. Managements have the responsibility to supervise the plan developing process and confirm the final disaster recovery planning is effective within the bank. The process of developing the plan should include enough time and adequate material resources. Resources could include both financial considerations and the effort of all personnel involved. This process requires the bank to hire educated managers who has knowledge about disaster recovery. If the top manager doesn’t know about disaster recovery, the final disaster recovery plan, which has the participation of the top manager, can be poor. 2. Establishing a planning committee After the draft of the disaster recovery plan is finished, the bank need to build a planning committee. The function of the planning committee is overseeing the development and implementation of the disaster recovery plan. The planning should consider all functional areas of the organization and effect represent them. The committee members should include the operations manager and the data processing manager. The employee is the first thing the bank should think about when develops a disaster recovery plan. What employee most concern about? The safety of families and personal property. As long as those two areas are safe, the employee can focus on the safety of the employer and its customers’ property. So when the management making the disaster recovery plans, they should include essentials such as shelter, medical insurance, pension, as well as counseling and information on the disaster recovery plan. The committee should ensure the final disaster recovery plan include a plan to ensure the safety of the employee’s family and property. 3. Perform a risk assessment Risk analysis and business impact analysis are important parts of planning committee. They should contain the range of possible disasters for natural, technical, and human threats. The committee should analysis every functional area of the organization’s potential consequence and influence associated with different disaster scenarios. Furthermore, the safety of critical document and vital records should be evaluated, too. For example, fire always be considered the greatest threat to an organization, so many  banks buy the fire insurance. However, even the flood is infrequently, it still has a chance to happen. One of the reasons the Sandy cost huge loss is many banks located at Wall Street don’t have bought insurance for flood. The disaster recovery plan should consider the â€Å"worst case† situation. 4. Establish priorities for processing and operations Critical needs are the necessary equipment and procedures used to recover the daily operations of a department, such as main facility or computer center when it suffered a disaster. The critical needs for each department within a bank should evaluate the areas include: functional operations, key personnel, information, processing systems, service, documentation, vital records, policies and procedures. Analysis the processing and operations to decide the maximum amount need f time each department of bank can operate without each critical system. To determining the critical needs for a department, the bank can document all the functions performed by every departments. As soon as the primary functions have been determined, the operations and processes should be ranked in the order of essential, important, and non-essential. (Robert Bronner, 1997) Location is the first critical consideration of a recovery plan. A bank’s recovery plan should include geographically independent relocations sites for every work group. (Robert Bronner, 1997) The consideration of the location include whether it is easy to access to other facilities, Data center professionals may work in an urban area and be more willing to travel or relocate. The recovery locations should be planned both for the data center environment and satellite locations. 5. Determine Recovery Strategies The researched and evaluated processing alternatives are the most practical alternatives for processing. In order to make an effective recovery strategy, the bank must consider facilities, hardware, software, communications, data files, customer services, user operations, MIS, End-user systems, and other processing operations of the organization. Furthermore, the bank should consider its computer function. Hot sites, warm sites, cold sites, reciprocal agreements, tow data center, consortium arrangement, and vendor supplied equipment are the alternatives for  evaluation of the computer function. The third elements should be prepared is the written agreements for the specific recovery. The example of special considerations include: contract duration, termination conditions, testing, costs, special security procedures, notification of system changes, hours of operation, and specific hardware and other equipment required for processing. 6. Perform Data Collection The basic data collected for disaster recovery plan includes backup position listing, critical telephone numbers, communications inventory, distribution register, variety types of inventory, master call list and vendor list, notification checklist, software and data files backup/retention schedules, temporary location specifications, and materials and documentation. That information are helpful to develop pre0formatted forms to facilitate the data gathering process. According to Robert F Bronne of the banking industry and disaster recovery plan, 1997: the inside data central is no longer enough for the bank, with the expansion of bank, the bank needs the data beyond the inside data center. The remote of the working group of the remote locations should be part of the entire disaster recovery plan. The equipment and system in the remote locations should be accounted in the recovery plan. What is more, business recovery move advance to restoring and recreating business process. For example, the â€Å"quick ship† type of program that allows them to ship personal computers and related equipment to a designated recovery site within 48 hours of the declared disaster. 7. Organize and document a written plan The disaster plan should be written in a standard form. The plan should include an outline of the plan’s contents. The managements should review and approve the outline. Then, the procedures and the documentation should be written in the plan based on the standard format. It is helpful to create a consistent format and allows for continuing maintenance of the disaster recovery plan. The plan should be used before, during, and after a disaster. It should include methods for maintaining and updating the plan to reflect any significant internal, external or systems changes and structured  using a team approach. 8. Develop testing criteria and procedures After a disaster plan is created, it should be tested and evaluated on a regular basis. The tests will provide the organization with the assurance that all necessary steps are included in the plan. Furthermore, it helps to determining the feasibility and compatibility of backup facilities and procedures, identifying areas in the plan that need modification, providing training to the team managers and team members, demonstrating the ability of the organization to recover, and providing motivation for maintaining and updating the disaster recovery plan. 9. Test the Plan After testing criteria have been completed, the bank should test the disaster recovery plan. A good bank’s recovery plan doesn’t means it works well in the reality. The test will provide additional information about the continuing steps, reasonable adjustment to the original plan. Each functional department of bank should be tested. The bank’s size and rate of organizational change decide the frequency of testing. Usually, small banks have low frequency of testing; they may do testing once per year. Larger banks have high frequency; they perform exercises two or three times a year or stretch an annual test over several days. There are four main types of tests: checklist test, simulation test, parallel tests, and full interruption tests. The actual disaster is a true test to bank. It is similar to simulation tests, but more authentic than the simulation tests. Banks should document recovery efforts, evaluate results, and refine plans accordingly carefully. 10. Approve the plan. The last step of making disaster recovery plan is approving the plan. After the written and tested, the plan should be approved by top-management. The top management has responsibility to establishing policies and comprehensive contingency planning. Also, the management should reviewing and approving the contingency plan annually and writes a review paper for the plan. If the information is come from a service bureau,  management should evaluate the adequacy of contingency plans for its service bureau and ensure that its contingency plan is compatible with its service bureau’s plan. Conclusion With the expansion of financial industry, banks become more sophisticated technology users; the disaster recovery plan will play a more important role in the banking sector. The bank’s disaster recovery plan can help the bank to mining the lost due to an unexpected disaster and recover the bank back to use as soon as possible, but it acquired the bank to plan a disaster recovery plan system and effectively before the disaster happens. An effective disaster plan is made under the strict requirement in operate in planning, assessment, writing, and testing process. Nobody can estimate when the disaster will come, the disaster recovery plan is both a prevention method and insurance to decreasing the potential exposures and recover the organization for the bank. Work Cites 1. Bronner, Robert F. â€Å"Banking Industry and Disaster Recovery Planning.† Banking Industry and Disaster Recovery Planning. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. . 2. â€Å"Disaster Recovery Plan.† Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 June 2013. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. . 3. Wold, Geoffrey H. â€Å"Disaster Recovery Planning Process Part 1 of 3.† Disaster Recovery Planning Process Part 1 of 3. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. .