Saving Private Ryan Critique :: essays research papers

June 6th 1944 is known as the day that turned the tides of World War II. Allied military personnel both Para dropped and landed on French occupied territory via the English Channel. For skipper John Miller, the beach was enough, but after only triple short days of recovery, Miller and his squad of men are sent in search of what has become a very important soldier. Receiving his orders from the very occur, Miller and his men set out in search of a James Francis Ryan from Iowa. Along the way, Germans kill two of Millers men, provoking the question, How many a(prenominal) men are worth one mans life? As the movie progresses, Captain Millers team fin tout ensembley finds hugger-mugger Ryan, the man they were sent to save. John explains to him that all three of his brothers were killed in action, and as a result of this, James Ryan, the last surviving brother of the Ryan family, is ordered to be returned home so that he may carry on the family name. However the conflict arises when James is reluctant to leave and is determined to stay with the only brothers he has left, in order to defend a strategic bridge whos defense is vital in determining the immediate tide of the war. Again, Captain Miller, after already loosing two of his men, decides that Ryan and his fellow soldiers cannot hold the point on their own, and that he and his men will aid the already weakened defenders in hopes of not only defending the bridge from the Germans, but also to save Private Ryan from what would other-wise be his inevitable death. After hasty preparations and decisive planning, the French ghost townsfolk previously torn apart by war, erupts to life once again with the sounds of conflict. The town of Rommel is slowly but surely being overtaken by the Germans, their numbers alike great for Millers men to fend off. On top of that, Captain Millers squad is diminishing by the minute and all hope seems lost. John gives the order to fall back to the predetermined point of retreat ca lled the Alamo. This is the point of no return, and their last resort is to blow the bridge in order to prevent the Germans from gaining a strategic stronghold in the region. With bullets whizzing by and ricocheting in every direction, Captain Miller stands up, thus revealing himself to enemy fire, and moves to pull in the device needed to trigger the bridge to explode.

NATO :: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO

Introduction The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a US-oriented defense alliance that was formed on August 24, 1949 through a treaty, which was signed on April 4, 1949 by Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the UK and the USA. The basic aim of this alliance was to protect European states from the possible aggression by USSR, which after the Second War looked unyielding to expand her frontiers. Later on the membership increased when Greece and Turkey joined in 1952, West Germany in 1955 and Spain in I982. France detached itself from the military command anatomical structure in 1966. The dismemberment of the USSR in December 1991 and the emergence of new independent republic in Europe changed the character and role of NAT0. The collapse of socialism in Europe and dissolution of Soviet Union removed the threat from communist states. According to the treaty all the member are committed to help wholeness another i n case of any military attack against one or more nations. In addition the member countries use peaceful heart and soul to settle their disputes. The Treaty The treaty of NATO consists of the following 14 articles member 1. The parties undertake, as set forth in the charter of the United Nations, to settle any 1nternational disputes in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice, are not endangered and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of forces in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations..Article 2 The patties will contribute towards the further cookment of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions by bringing about a better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded and by promoting conditions of stability and well being. They will seek to eliminate conflict and will encourage econ omic collaboration among them.Article 3 In order to achieve more effectively the objectives of this treaty, the parties separately and jointly, by means of continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid, will maintain and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack.Article 4. The parties will consult together whenever, in opinion of any of them, the territorial integrity, political independence or security of any of the parties is threatened.Article 5 The parties agree that an armed attack against one or more

The Space Shuttle :: essays research papers

The Space ShuttleThe move, a manned, multipurpose, orbital-launch space plane, was designed tocarry payloads of up to about 30,000 kg (65,000 lb) and up to seven crew membersand passengers. The upper slice of the spacecraft, the orbiter stage, had atheoretical lifetime of perhaps 100 missions, and the winged orbiter could makeunpowered landings on returning to earth. Because of the shuttles designedflexibility and its plan use for satellite deployment and the rescue andrepair of previously orbited satellites, its proponents saw it as a majoradvance in the practical exploitation of space. Others, however, worried thatNASA was placing similarly much reliance on the shuttle, to the detriment of other,unmanned vehicles and missions.The root space shuttle mission, piloted by John W. Young and Robert Crippenaboard the orbiter Columbia, was launched on April 12, 1981. It was a testflight flown without payload in the orbiters cargo bay. The fifth space shuttleflight was the first opera tional mission the astronauts in the Columbiadeployed 2 commercial communications satellites from November 11 to 16, 1982.Later memorable flights included the seventh, whose crew included the first U.S.woman astronaut, Sally K. Ride the ninth mission, November 28-December 8, 1983,which carried the first of the European Space Agencys Spacelabs the 11thmission, April 7-13, 1984, during which a satellite was retrieved, repaired, andredeployed and the 14th mission, November 8-14, 1984, when two expensivemalfunctioning satellites were retrieved and returned to earth.Despite such successes, the shuttle program was falling behind in its plannedlaunch program, was increasingly being used for military tests, and was meetingstiff competition from the European Space Agencys unmanned Ariane program forthe orbiting of satellites. Then, on January 28, 1986, the shuttle Challengerwas destroyed about one minute after launch because of the failure of a sealantring on one of its solid suspensors. F lames escaping from the booster burned ahole in the main propellant tank of liquid hydrogen and oxygen and caused thebooster to nose into and rupture the tank. This rupture caused a nearlyexplosive disruption of the whole system. Seven astronauts were killed in thedisaster commander Francis R. Scobee, pilot Michael J. Smith, missionspecialists Judith A. Resnik, Ellison S. Onizuka, and Ronald E. McNair, andpayload specialists Gregory B. Jarvis and Christa McAuliffe. McAuliffe had beenselected the preceding year as the first "teacher in space," a civilianspokesperson for the shuttle program. The tragedy brought an immediate halt toshuttle flights until systems could be analyzed and redesigned. A presidential military commission headed by former secretary of state William Rogers and former

Environmental Protection Must Be Our Top Priority :: Environment Earth Nature, pesticides, pollution

A few years ago, Time cartridge published a special discover entitled The Centurys Greatest Minds. It was the fourth in a Time series on the 100 most influential people of the century, this particular issue focussing on Scientists and Thinkers. On the cover, Albert Einstein is pictured on a psychiatrists couch, hands crossed over his chest, a depressed look cloaking his face. Dr. Sigmund Freud, seated in a chair near the couch, pen and pad in hand, is leaning in toward Einstein, excitedly waiting to perform some bit of psychoanalysis on the saddened scientist. A framed picture of Jonas Salk rests on the side table a portrait of John Maynard Keynes hangs from a nail in the wall. In the background, resting atop a bookshelf, is a stone bust of Rachel Carson, author of Silent Spring. She finds herself in quite excellent company not only on the cover, scarcely in the interior of the magazine as well. Carson was the only environmentalist and the only woman featured in the entire issue. Evidently, her impact in the world of scientists and thinkers was a tremendous one, and, as mentioned in Matthiessens Time article, her book, Silent Spring, is nearly 40 years later . . . still regarded as the cornerstone of the new environmentalism.1 Matthiessen goes on to write that one shudders to say how much more impoverished our habitat would be had Silent Spring not sounded the alarm.2 This is indeed a worthy claim by Mr. Matthiessen, but he correctly uncovers a bigger and more alarming truth when he says, the damage being done by poison chemicals today is faraway worse than it was when she wrote the book.3 In fact, since 1962, pesticide use in the US has doubled.4 As an environmentalist (or a radical environmentalist, as I am often designate by members of the mainstream environmental movement), I feel it is my duty as a protector of the Earths well-being to write this editorial as a means of transport into the American consciousness a variety of frightening env ironmental issues. Though some of you may be aw ar of these problems, I know many are not, and thus may be shocked to learn about the degradation of our Earth and the people living in it. Indeed, I truly believe that since the get through of the industrial age, America has behaved like an alcoholic with a good jobprospering despite a lifestyle that jeopardizes the future and ruins much of what is good with idle behavior.

Narrative Styles In Poe, Melville, Hawthorne Essay -- essays research

floor styles in Melvilles Bartleby, Poes Arthur Gordon Pym, and Hawthornes The House of seven Gables. How all three authors utilize a conversational tone for the function of their work. In works by three of the intimately classically American authors of the ordinal century, Melville, Poe, and Hawthorne, a trait that can be considered common to all three authors is pronounced clearly as a means to their narration. This trait is that of deploying a muniment laden with- and moreover led by conversational phrasing and asides. The flow of passages in these authors works, Bartleby, Arthur Gordon Pym, and The House of Seven Gables, takes on a spoken structure, and numerous operations are made by each writer to establish a link with the reader as though he or she is actually engage in an exchange of living conversation with the author. This approach is probably quite intentional and may be seen, since it is occurring in some of the most celebrated American authors of the period, to b e one that portrays the literary mindset and mechanic at large during the time in which these books were written. In Melvilles Bartleby, this distinction becomes clear immediately. Although any first-person narrative is designed to impart upon the reader a close proximity to the protagonist, there are extra measures apparent in the style of this short story that furthers this. abruptly into the beginning of the narration, the voice gives the following passage (pg. 4) I do not speak it in vanity, but simply to record the fact, that I was not dismissed in my profession by the late John Jacob Astor, I name which, I admit, I love to repeat, for it hath a rounded and orbicular sound to it, and sound like unto bullion. I depart freely add, that I was not insensible to the late John Jacob Astors good opinion. This single block of text is severely charged with conversational phrasing I do not speak it in vanity I admit, I love to repeat I will freely add. Such structures signal that th e voice is one issuing from not merely from a writer, but rather from a speaker. Furthermore, the structure of the following passages takes on the form of an ad-lib report in which the narrator goes through descriptions of his colleagues point-by-point, as though he is simply trying to introduce them as concepts not to be forgotten throughout the ensuing lecture... ...heir positioning between segments of a more interpersonal nature, they render an effect of listening to their delivery rather than merely training them, especially as they are often sewn back into the thread of the story via an expression such as one make in an oral presentation. The above passage, for example, is tied back into the narrative by But to return from this digression. Of the three pieces examined, Poes is the least overt in the narrative features described. His approach has more inventive aspects to it, and while it also differs most radically in detail and content, Arthur Gordon Pym, put alongside the works of Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville, seems to suggest a step into more recent story-telling. This proposition is easily evidenced in face of the widely accepted viewpoint that Poe was the first true developer of the mystery or crime story. And if he is the most modern and his narrative style the least similar to that of either Melville or Hawthorne in the sense described earlier, than this trait of conversational address throughout a text may be all the more considered as emblematic of fiction in nineteenth century America.

Narrative Styles In Poe, Melville, Hawthorne Essay -- essays research

narrative styles in Melvilles Bartleby, Poes Arthur Gordon Pym, and Hawthornes The kin of Seven Gables. How all three authors utilize a conversational tone for the function of their work. In works by three of the most classically American authors of the nineteenth century, Melville, Poe, and Hawthorne, a trait that can be considered common to all three authors is pronounced clearly as a means to their narration. This trait is that of deploying a narrative laden with- and more thanover led by conversational phrasing and asides. The flow of passages in these authors works, Bartleby, Arthur Gordon Pym, and The House of Seven Gables, takes on a spoken structure, and legion(predicate) operations are made by each writer to establish a link with the reader as though he or she is actually engaged in an exchange of living conversation with the author. This nuzzle is probably quite intentional and may be seen, since it is occurring in some of the most noned American authors of the peri od, to be one that portrays the literary mindset and mechanic at large during the time in which these books were written. In Melvilles Bartleby, this distinction becomes clear immediately. Although some(prenominal) first-person narrative is designed to impart upon the reader a close proximity to the protagonist, there are extra measures apparent in the style of this short trading floor that furthers this. Shortly into the beginning of the narration, the voice gives the pursual passage (pg. 4) I do not speak it in vanity, but simply to record the fact, that I was not unemployed in my profession by the late John Jacob Astor, I name which, I admit, I love to repeat, for it hath a rounded and orbicular fail to it, and rings like unto bullion. I will freely add, that I was not insensible to the late John Jacob Astors good opinion. This single block of text is heavily charged with conversational phrasing I do not speak it in vanity I admit, I love to repeat I will freely add. Such str uctures signal that the voice is one issuing from not besides from a writer, but rather from a speaker. Furthermore, the structure of the following passages takes on the form of an oral report in which the narrator goes through descriptions of his colleagues point-by-point, as though he is simply trying to introduce them as concepts not to be forgotten end-to-end the ensuing lecture... ...heir positioning between segments of a more interpersonal nature, they render an effect of listening to their delivery rather than merely reading them, especially as they are often sewn back into the thread of the story via an expression such as one make in an oral presentation. The above passage, for example, is tied back into the narrative by But to return from this digression. Of the three pieces examined, Poes is the least overt in the narrative features described. His approach has more inventive aspects to it, and while it also differs most radically in detail and content, Arthur Gordon Pym , put alongside the works of Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville, seems to suggest a step into more modern story-telling. This proposition is easily evidenced in face of the widely accepted viewpoint that Poe was the first true developer of the mystery or crime story. And if he is the most modern and his narrative style the least similar to that of either Melville or Hawthorne in the sense described earlier, than this trait of conversational address throughout a text may be all the more considered as emblematic of fiction in nineteenth century America.

Love and Tradition in “Marriage Is a Private Affair”

Marriage traditions vary peachyly throughout the world. In some cultures, peoples marriages are traditionally arranged by their parents. In others cultures, the partners make their own choice. This diversity in tradition causes many conflicts within the family as well as in the culture group. A swell slip of marriage and its importance to different cultures is the story by Chinua Achebe, Marriage is a Private Affair. The story takes place in Africa, a country of great cultural diversity.Old traditions continue to govern life in Nigerian villages, where parents often play a decisive role in choosing mates for their children. In the cities, however, modern practices displace many of the village traditions, including the role of parent as a mate finder. The tension between old and new ways of surviving sometimes creates conflict within families, especially between generations. The following story focuses on a conflict between a father and news well-nigh the choice of the sons marr iage partner. Despite of the strong devotion to the tradition,Okeke the father can hardly resist the love of his family. Firstly, the tradition plays a actually important role in that story. Okeke is an old man, who lives in a Nigerian village, where the traditions have very important role in peoples lives. He is first introduced to the readers from the very beginning of the story in a conversation between Nene and Nnaemeka. Although this conversation reveals little about his character, we think of him as an authoritarian father. And, as a traditional Ibo, he does not accept the couples engagement.For example, They are most unhappy if the engagement is not arranged by them (258) shows Nnaemeka fear of his fathers disapproval of their marriage. As a result, the conversation between Okeke and his son shows both Okekes deep disappointment and firm objection. After this conversation Okeke does not talk to his son for eight years. This is another example of Okekes loyalty of his peoples tradition. As a result, he never accepts his sons wife I shall never see her (260). Okekes actions show the reader that the tradition is stronger than amily relationships. On the other hand, despite of Okekes cold description in the first part of the story, he changes his thoughts after he reads the letter from Nene. Nene, his daughter-in-law, sends him a letter and the night after he reads the letter, Achebe points out that Okeke hardly slept from remorse and a vague fear that he might die without making it up to his grandchildren (262). This conclusion to the story hints that the grandchildren would bring these two generations back together again.In conclusion, this story is a great example of the strong traditions in different cultures that can be stopped only with the great power of a loving family. Nnaemekas father was so devoted(p) to the tradition to understand his sons feelings or the consequences of having grandchildren that he would might never know. The letter that infor ms him about his grandsons breaks him down and lets the reader think of the happy close of the story. Achebe teaches us to realize that love can conquer even the strongest traditions.

Narrative essay Essay

Since I had growed school and writing composition, I have had experiences that all was good or bad. But at the block these experience helped me through my next and future years of school and college. One of the incidents that most label my writing experience was in sophomore year. The prompt was doing a resume for college, and I actually did or tried my best, but accordingly again the result wasnt so good. The resume was almost completely marked by red literary works, of my grammar.All though the professor gave us mevery opportunities to make it right, every time I got it back it seems as if nothing had change. And it was then that I realized I havent had done some things right. I learned two things not to stress and al federal agencys have my ideas on the same(p) topic. Through this experience what has helped me the most in other assignments was not to over stress. When I remember back to that event, I see myself over reacting and stressing out, thought process whether that r esume was making sense.I would stress so much, to the point that I would spend hours just thinking of how to start my first paragraph. When knew I should have start by thinking of my ideas, writing them in paper, and then modifying them in a paragraph. It showed me that by doing these I wrote faster my paragraphs, ending my work faster.These knowledge improve my way of writing a resume and any other type of writing work. Another skill these experience taught me was to never let my ideas go off topic. I remember that resume had side notes saying that my ideas were not connected and were off topic. So since that day I tried to keep my writing on the same topic . My resume didnt make sense because I sometimes got my ideas mixed and wrote them in the wrong order. Which most of the time made my resume to not make sense.This experience also taught me to always sound myself and not try to hard using fancy words, which as a result let to paragraphs without any meaning. Some of these intell ectual words were hard to find when writing and knowing what kind of audience was going to read my resume. In all these bad experiences as someones will say, taught me that we are not always going to have a perfect paragraph. That we need practice and patience to do our best on the writings assignments.These experience also showed me to be more confident on how I write and on what Im trying to say. At the end either good or bad this experience taught me a lesson that I know will help me all this years to come. And after this lesson learned was somethingis going to be on my mind and I will know what to do on the next

Working Capital Managment

Management Of works Capital Introduction on the job(p) Capital-Definition Working Capital is the cash needed to pay for the sidereal day to day operation of the lineage. Along with long term enthronizations , business as well as needs bills for footling-term purposes to finance afoot(predicate) operations. Investment in short term assets like cash, inventories, debtors etc. , is called Short-term Funds or Working Capital. Hence, the counsel of Working Capital is in truth important for the smooth racecourse of business. Calcution of Working CapitalWorking Capital of a company is the difference between the rate of flow Assets and the menstruum Liabilities of the company. Working not bad(p)=Current Assets-Current Liabilities Current Assets Assets of the business held in the work on of cash(e. g cash at the bank) or that basis be quickly turned into cash. Current Assests Stocks Cash Debtors Investments Current Liabilities Money owed by a business organization which is to b e paid within next 12 months Current Liabilities Trade Creditors DividendsTaxation Short term loans Circulating with child(p) work capital is withal known as circulating capital or modern capital. The use of the term circulating capital instead of operative(a) capital indicates that its flow is banknote in nature. Structure of Working Capital The different elements or components of current assets and current liabilities constitute the structure of working capital which can be illustrated in the shape of a chart as follows Working Capital Cycle makes it clear that the amount of cash is obtained mainly from issue of sh atomic number 18s, borrowing and operations.Cash funds are used to purchase fixed assets, raw materials and used to pay to creditors. The raw materials are processed wages and overhead expenses are paid which in subject produce finished goods for cut-rate sale. Working Capital circulation is like the blood circulation in the human body as once it stops the whole business becomes lifeless. categorization of Working Capital Working Capital can be classified in various ways. Conceptual classification on that point are twain apprehension of working capital viz. , quantitative and qualitative.The quantitative concept takes into account as the current assets while the qualitative concept takes into account the excess of current assets over current liabilities. Deficit of working capital exists where the amount of current liabilities exceeds the amount of current assets. The above can be summarized as follows (i) Gross Working Capital = Total Current Assets (ii) Net Working Capital = Excess of Current Assets over Current Liabilities (iii) Working Capital Deficit = Excess of Current Liabilities over Current Assets. Classification on the basis of fiscal reports The nformation of working capital can be collected from agreement Sheet or net income and Loss Account as such the working capital may be classified as follows (i) Cash Working Capital This is calculated from the entropy contained in profit and loss account. This concept of working capital has assumed a great significance in recent years as it shows the enough of cash flow in business. It is based on Operating Cycle Concepts (ii) Balance Sheet Working Capital The data for Balance Sheet Working Capital is collected from the balance sheet. On this basis the Working Capital can also be divided in tierce more types, viz. gross Working Capital, net Working Capital and Working Capital deficit. Classification on the Basis of Variability Gross Working Capital can be divided in two categories viz. ,(i) indissoluble or fixed working capital, and (ii) Temporary, Seasonal or variable working capital. Such type of classification is very important for hedgerow decisions. (i) Temporary Working Capital Temporary Working Capital is also called as displace or seasonal working capital. This represents additional investment needed during prosperity An favorable season s. It increases with the growth of the business. Temporary working capital is the additional assets required to accept the variations in sales above the permanent level. This can be calculated as follows Temporary Working Capital = Total Current Assets permanent Current Assets (ii) Permanent Working Capital It is a part of total current assets which is not changed collect to variation in sales. There is always a tokenish level of cash, inventories, and accounts receivables which is always maintained in the business even if sales are reduce to a minimum. Amount of such investment is called as permanent working capital. Permanent Working Capital is the amount of working capital that persists over time regardless of fluctuations in sales. This is also called as regular working capital. Importance of Working Capital Management For smooth running an enterprise, adequate amount of working capital is very essential. Efficiency in this area can help, to utilize fixed assets gainfull y, to assure the firms long- term success and to achieve the overall goal of maximization of the shareholders, fund. Shortage or bad counsel of cash may result in loss of cash discount and loss of reputation due to non-payment of obligation on due dates.Insufficient inventories may be the main make water of crossroadion held up and it may compel the enterprises to purchase raw materials at unfavorable rates. Like-wise facility of credit sale is also very essential for sales promotions. It is rightly observed that umteen a times business failure takes place due to lack of working capital. Adequate working capital provides a cushion for bad days, a concern can pass its period of depression without much difficulty. The significance of adequate working capital is to avoid interruption in the production schedule and maintain sales, a concern equires funds to finance inventories and receivables. The adequacy of cash and current assets together with their efficient handling virtually determines the survival or demise of a concern. An enterprise should maintain adequate working capital for its smooth functioning. Both, excessive working capital and inadequate working capital provide impair the profitability and general health of a concern. The danger of excessive working capital are as follows Heavy investment in fixed assets A concern may invest heavily in its fixed assets which is not justified by effective sales.This may create situation of over capitalization. Reckless purchase of materials- Inventory is purchased recklessly which results in dormant slow moving and obsolete inventory. At the aforesaid(prenominal) time it may increase the cost due to mishandling, waste, theft, etc. Speculative tendencies Speculative tendencies may increase and if profit is increased dividend distribution willing also increase. This will hamper the image of a concern in future when speculative loss may start. Liberal credit Due to liberal credit, size of accounts receiv ables will also increase.Liberal credit facility can increase bad debts and wrong practices will start, regarding delay in payments. Carelessness Excessive working capital will lead to carelessness about costs which will adversely affect the profitability. Paucity of working capitalist also bad and has the following dangers 1. writ of execution of operating plans becomes difficult and a concern may not achieve its profit target. 2. It is difficult to pay dividend due to lack of funds. 3. Bargaining capacity is reduced in credit purchases and cash discount could not be availed. 4.An enterprise looses its reputation when it becomes difficult even to meet day-to- day commitments. 5. Operating inefficiencies may spectre in when a concern cannot meet it financial promises. 6. Stagnates growth as the funds are not available for new projects. 7. A concern will have to borrow funds at an exorbitant rate of interest in case of need. 8. Sometimes, a concern may be bound to sale its product at a very reduced rates to collect funds which may harm its image. Meaning of Working Capital Management The management of current assets, current liabilities and inter-relationship between them is termed as working capital management. Working capital management is concerned with problems that arise in attempting to manage the current assets, the current liabilities and the inter-relationship that exist between them. In practice, There is usually a distinction made between the investment decisions concerning current assets and the financing of working capital. From the above, the following two aspects of working capital management emerges (1) To determine the magnitude of current assets or level of working capital and (2) To determine the mode of financing or hedging decisions. Significance of Working Capital Management Funds are needed in every business for carrying on day-to-day operations. Working capital funds are regarded as the life blood of a business firm. A firm can exis t and get going without making profit but cannot survive without working capital funds. If a firm is not earning profit it may be termed as sick, but, not having working capital may cause its bankruptcy working capital in order to survive. The alternatives are not pleasant. Bankruptcy is one alternative. Being acquired on unfavorable term as another.Thus, for each one firm must decide how to balance the amount of working capital it holds, against the risk of failure. Working capital has acquired a great significance and sound point in the recent past for the twin objects of profitability and liquidity. In period of rising capital costs and scare funds, the working capital is one of the almost important areas requiring management review. It is rightly observed that, Constant management review is required to maintain appropriate levels in the various working capital accounts. in the main the success of a concern depends upon proper management of working capital so working capita l management has been looked upon as the driving seat of financial manager. It consumes a great deal of time to increase profitability as well as to maintain proper liquidity at minimum risk. There are many aspects of working capital management which make it an important function of the finance manager. In fact we need to know when to look for working capital funds, how to use them and how measure, plan and control them. A study of working capital management is very important for internal and external experts.Sales expansion, dividend declaration, plants expansion, new product line, increase in salaries and wages ,rising price level, etc. , put added strain on working capital maintenance. Failure of any enterprise is undoubtedly due to poor management and absence of management skill. Importance of working capital management stems from two reasons, viz. , (i) A substantial portion of total investment is invested in current assets, and (ii) level of current assets and current liabili ties will change quickly with the variation in sales.Though fixed assets investment and long-term borrowing will also response to the changes in sales, but its response will be weak. Conclusion Although some companies began the process of improving their working capital management fiver or even 10 years ago, many others were driven to focus on the issues by funding disruptions and cash shortages brought by the global crisis. The effects of the many challenges faced by large companies during that period are evident today in both operational practices and strategic priorities.

Business about British Airline Essay

I choose British Airways plc. The SWOT of British Airways plc is subdued to understand. With regard to strength of the British Airways plc, there argon five points. First, the British Airways has a broad geographic presence. It has approximately 150 international destinations across 6 countries. Second, the British Airways is sole airline occupant of Heathrow Terminal 5 after March 2008, because it is signifi do-nothingtly boosting the service it offers customers in the UK. Third, the British Airways has powerful completelyiances. In some other(a) words, it is means that the British Airways is a founder member of the one world alliance, along with other major(ip) players such as AMR Corp and Cathay Pacific, boosting its hawkish strength at the global level (MahaSagar, 2013).Next, the British Airways established online presence.It is means that the alliance has developed the online ordering system and is working to shift completely from composition to e-tickets, as well as impro ve the development of website and make order tickets easy and efficient. Finally the British Airways has high levels of consumer recognition and trust. The weakness has four points. First, the UK airways are reliant on airlines. For example, British Airways is heavily reliant on the airline industry, which accounted for 99.7% of its total operating profit in fiscal 2007 (MahaSagar, 2013). Actually the government hire focus on rising fuel prices and increasing pricing competition. Second, the BAs image is exposure by problem.During 2007 the image of British Airways eponymous gull suffered from factors such as consumer concerns about carbon emissions and, more specifically, the scandal surrounding fuel surcharge price-fixing (MahaSagar, 2013).Third, the British Airways is bias towards the UK. In other words, although the British Airways has a broad geographic presence, the company rely on UK market, such as in 2007 the airways accounted foralmost half of its total r even outue. As a result, British Airways entrust pass water low- salute carries in the future. Finally, British Airways are laggards in terms of employee management.The opportunities of British Airways are the most important things. First, the Heathrow Airport is the most hubs across the world. Second, the British Airways has strong growth in emerging markets. For example, China and India is emerging markets. In these countries, the investment in the travel infrastructure, rising foreign tourism, the expansion of the middle folk and increasing international business opportunities. Third, in modern countries, internet is the most popular ways to know something. So the British Airways should increases access to the internet. The internet is not yet more efficient and safer, but withal more convenient payment online.Finally, British Airways has powerful alliances. In other words, British Airways has developed partnerships with other airlines and makes sure competitive and international developmen t. The threats with which British Airways is faced with are pricing competition. Some low-cost airline, such as Ryanair is ongoing expansion. Then the threat is aerodynamic lift fuel prices. Fuel price increases would represent a significant threat to British Airways, particularly in the highly price-competitive conditions of its core markets. Indeed, fuel price rises were mostly responsible for the companys fall in operating profit in fiscal 2007 (MahaSagar, 2013). In addition also, the airline has some unpredictable outdoor(a) factors such as terrorist attacks which happened on 11/09/2001 and 07/07/2005.b) Write an essay analysing and evaluating the factors that have made this company a success. Word count between 1500-2200 words. (25 marks).In fact, the British Airways has two main points to make success. One of the major points is external. The external divided six separate, receptively political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal. In parts of Political , the BA has complied with government jurisprudence to continue its operations. Due to war on terror the security has to beef up with advanced measures so as to keep the consumers safe and confident in relation to their continued travel with British Airways as a preferredairline (Rodrigo, 2012). In parts of economic, the world going through a expectant trouble, so the BA has to reduce consumer spending to a large extent. For example, due to global economic crisis, world growth is projected to just over 2 percent in 2009. The value of Pound has begun to slide especially against the Euro.Possible reduction in the amount of business travel as companies are press cutting costs and using alternative means of communication such as teleconferencing. Hence British Airways is vulnerable as an UK operating airline to a silly exchange rate. Oil prices have been declining by 50 % since their peak retreating to 2007 levels. Decline in fuel price will obviously strengthening of the dollar ch angeability in oil prices and exchange rates will directly affect BAs cost base. UKs consumer spending had its sharpest decline for 13 geezerhood between July and September 2008. Hence there is an expectancy of more intense competition in the near future (UKESSAY, 2014).In parts of social, the UK has an aging creation in the past decades, so the old people has more time to spend on their like activities such as international travel. In parts of technological, most young people would like to order or booking tickets, hotels, restaurants and so on. Therefor it is very convenient and easy to use it. Additionally, other creature comforts provided for ease of check in including telephone check-in that consists of many features allowing passengers to check flight schedules, check personal bookings, travel advice, information on British Airways destinations and even perform online flight bookings. In fact, they have even implemented an e-ticketing system which provides passengers with t he flexibility of checking in without the need of a physical ticket.Only passenger expound including proof of identification are required to be produced during check-ins, as all booking information has already been stored in their computer systems. In fact, through this system, flights can be changed even up to 30 minutes before departure time (Stephen, 2008). In addition also, in British Airways portal is not only offer ordering ticket, but also provide hotel booking, travel insurance purchase, car rentals, holiday purchases and so on. In parts of environmental, British Airways is aware of some(prenominal) Noise pollution controls, and energy consumption controls. In parts of legal, the British Airways will offer a good employee relation in anytime.Another major point is internal. The internal of British Airways is divided by two parts, called resources and core competences. The company runs 245 aircrafts covering over 550 destinations. In addition the Heathrow Terminal 5 is a hu ge boon to the companys brand image. As a result, British Airways is renowned globally as a reputable brand. And then the BAs competences are realizable. The company has its own training of ground school, flight simulators, and cabin safety training which holds the favourable part in its core competences. The company holds the capability to fly and handle passengers safely on different routes (Open Skies). Their subsidiarys aircraft never have more than 64 passengers per flight, with one flight escort per twelve customers. They also hold the name as the first UK airline known as a training centre by the City & Guilds, educating all cabin crew with NVQ Level 2 (UKESSAY, 2014).Moreover, the success of British Airways could mostly be economy of scale, cost control and brand reputation. The economy of scale is a high-threshold work with large initial funds. The economy of scale can lower the overhead cost and improve the individual unit performance and efficiency. For example, British Airways should get a based on achieving and maintaining the wide customer recognition. Then the cost control is crucial to the financial performance and firm survival. For instance, by constant expanding and purchasing, British Airways can enlarge its fleet scale and make effective of each by resource optimization. It also helps British Airways to lower average unit cost (UKESSAY, 2014). Finally the brand reputation is crucial to this industry as it indicates the quality, accessibility and safety. It helps British Airways to reach a better financial status and lower atomic pile the threat of new player in the long-run.To sum up, it is clear that the British Airways is very successful company. It is not only British Airways has good strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, but also British Airways has external environment and internal environment. In addition, it also has governments ideas and supports.BibliographyMahaSagar Publications (2013) Dissertation on British Airway s Plc- AirlinesIndustry Analysis Weblog Online Available from http//mbaprojectreportindia.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/british-airways-plc-swot-analysis.html Accessed 25/6/2014 rodrigo (2012) Strategic and SWOT Analysis of British Airways Online Available from http//writepass.com/journal/2012/11/british-airways/ Accessed 16/11/2012 UK essay (2014) Evaluation Of The Business Environment Of British Airways Management Essay Online Available from http//www.ukessays.com/essays/management/evaluation-of-the-business-environment-of-british-airways-management-essay.phpixzz385lJPz7p Accessed 2014 UKESSAY (2014) Stakeholders Online Available from http//www.ukessays.co.uk/essays/business-stakeholders-shareholders/stakeholders.php Accessed 2014 Stephen G(2008) The Success of British Airways Online Available from http//www.sgbphotography.com/Travel_Articles/the-success-of-british-airways.htm Accessed 2006

Teaching Speaking

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE, YOUTH AND SPORT OF UKRAINE IVAN FRANKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LVIV ENGLISH DEPARTMENT address and Writing. Common and Distinctive features in Teaching PRESENTED BY Suzan Al-Jholani a fifth year student of the English Department SUPERVISED BY Sanotska L. G. associate professor of the English Department LVIV 2012 Contents Introduction. 3 I. Common features in direction linguistic operate and musical composition.. II. Distinctive features in teaching speaking and writing Conclusion.. References Communication between humans is an extremely complex and ever-changing phenomenon. But there are certain generalizations that can be made astir(predicate) the majority of communicative events and these will oblige a particular relevance for the go steadying and teaching of terminologys. There are countless reasons for communication between individuals they essential to say something, they begin some communicative purpose, they want to get some inf ormation, etc.It is important to realize that these generalizations do not only apply to spoken news program they characterize written communication as well. Speaking and writing are called productive skills because they involve run-in production, as opposed to listening and reading, which are receptive skills 1, 46-47. Common features in teaching speaking and writing The productive skills of writing and speaking have more distinctive than common features. However, there are number of language production processes which have to be foreg whizz through whichever medium we are working in.In order for communication to be successful we have to structure our word in such a right smart that it will be understood by our listeners and readers. In speech this often involves following of conversational patterns and the use of lexical phrases. For the part of writing it has to be some(prenominal) coherent and cohesive. Coherent writing makes sense because you can follow the sequence of i deas and locates. Cohesion is more technical matter since it is here that we concentrate on the respective(a) linguistic ways of connecting ideas across phrases and sentences 2, 246.Both teaching writing and speaking involves following the rules of communication. There are three areas of rules that should be considered * Sociocultural rules speakers from similar social backgrounds fuck how to speak to each other in terms of how formal to be, what kind of language they can use, how loud to speak, or how close to stand to each other. * Turn-taking in any conversation decisions have to be taken about when each person should speak. * Rules for writing writing has rules too, which need to be receiptd and either be followed or purposively flouted.We have to take into the account the genre and the style of writing 2, 246. One of the reasons that people can operate within sociocultural rules is because they know about variant styles, and fill out different written and spoken genres. This depends on the aim of communication, on the recipient and setting. In order to speak and write at different levels of intimacy students need behave in different genres and different styles so that their level increases they can vary the grammar, functions ,and lexis that they can use .It is vital, therefore, that if the coursebook does not offer a satisfactory range of such genre-based activities instructors should supply it themselves 2,247. Teachers have to teach how to interact with the audience. Part of our speaking proficiency depends upon our ability to speak differentially, depending upon our audience, and upon the way we absorb their reply and respond to it in some way or other. Part of our writing ability depends upon our ability to change our style and structure to suit the person or people we are writing for 2, 248.When speakers or writers of their own or of a foreign language do not know a word or just cannot remember it, they may employ some or all of the follo wing strategies to resolve the difficulty they are seeing * Improvising speakers sometimes try any word or phrase that they can come up with in the hope that it is about right. * Discarding when speakers simply cannot find words for what they want to say, they may discard the thought that they cannot put into words. Foreignising when operating in a foreign language, speakers (and writers) sometimes choose a word in a language they know well (such as their first language) and foreignise it in the hope that it will be equivalent to the meaning they wish to gestate in the foreign language. * Paraphrasing speakers sometimes paraphrase. Such lexical renewal or circumlocution gets umteen speakers out of trouble, though it can make communication longer and more convoluted 2, 249.To prevent problems that students may encounter plot improving speaking and writing skills teachers have to follow certain principles. In the first place, they need to match the tasks they ask students to per form with their language level. This means ensuring that they have the minimum language they would need to perform such a task. Secondly, teachers need to ensure that there is a purpose to the task and that students are aware of this. They should excessively remember that students who are not used to speaking or writing spontaneously need to be helped to cultivate such habits.Teachers should not expect minute fluency and creativity instead they should build up students say-so step by step giving them restricted tasks first before prompting them to be more and more spontaneous later. Finally, teachers need to assess the problems caused by the language they need, and the difficulties which the topic or the genre might create 2,251-253. To make students inspired teacher has to choose interesting topic and create interest in it. It is in any case important to vary the topics they offer them so that they cater for the variety of interests within the class.It is also vitally important to vary the genres teachers ask their students to work with if we want them to gain confidence in writing and speaking in different situations. Distinctive features in speaking and writing teaching One of the reasons that teaching writing is so different from teaching speech is that two types of discourse differ in their fundamental characteristics. Differences between them imply different types of exercises which focus on different aspects of language and demand different levels of correctness 1,52.Writing requires a greater degree of truth, and is in many ways the more difficult skill to study. For a start, the written form is visible and mistakes are seen. With speaking, students often make slips of the tongue-they have said something wrong, moreover if they could hear a recording of what they said, they could correct the mistake themselves. Written task on the one hand often require accuracy and formal language. Because they recognize this, many students feel under pressure when writing.However, with writing students can proof-read and self-correct. They can go more slowly and carefully than when they are speaking. It is an important skill teachers essential teach students-read what they have written 4,182. Punctuation is another factor absent from speaking. Increasingly these days, one might question the importance of correct punctuation, moreover whereas one can accept that the correct use of colons or semi-colons is not very so important, surely the correct use of capitalization and question marks, for example, does matter 4, 182.Spelling may also cause problems, something which mother-tongue speakers have difficulty with. Again, people differ in their views of the importance of correct spelling, but the fact remains that, teachers have to recognize what is correct writing, and what is incorrect. If they cannot recognize a mistake, then they cannot correct it 4, 182. With Writing, students do not have to concern themselves with aspects of pronun ciation, or being fluent. Those students who are much more interested in accuracy than fluency, arc often very good when writing.It is very common to find students who have had accuracy-based language learning, writing extremely well and accurately, but that is difficult for them to express themselves orally 1, 53. Writing tends to be more economical in its use of the language. There are no hesitators (mmm, er, well, etc. ) that litter our conversation. Written language is at once and efficient. The writer suffers from the disadvantage of not getting immediate feedback from the reader and sometimes getting no feedback at all.In writing students can not use transition or stress, and facial expression, gesture and body movement. These disadvantages have to be compensated for the greater clarity and by the use of grammatical and stylistic techniques for focusing concern on main points, etc. Most importantly there is greater need for logical organization in piece of writing than the re is in a conversation, for the reader has to understand what has been written without asking for clarification or relying on the writers tone of voice or expression 1,53.When teaching writing, therefore, there are special considerations to be taken into account which include the organizing of sentences into paragraphs, how paragraphs are joined together, and the general organization of ideas into a coherent piece of discourse 1,54. Creative writing practice is a critical part of learning a written language. Writing can be encouraged through poetry, stories, plays and dialogues, but it important that students be engaged and interested in the writing projects.Pen pal letters between students can help to capture the interests of a class as they learn written communication with their peers utilizing the new language. The objective of such a project would be for students to learn how to use appropriate language and produce adapted letters that can be sent as a correspondence, but can also be used as effective evaluation and tearing down tools. Speaking a language involves using thecomponents correctly making the right sounds, choosing theright words and getting constructions grammatically correct.Pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary taskswill focus on the needfor practice in language accuracy. At the same time, we also need toget a clear message across and thisinvolves choosing appropriate discipline or ideas to suit a situation, e. g. deciding what is polite or what might appear rude, how to interrupt or how to participate in a conversation. All this involves practice in language fluency. Speaking requires thinking on the spot, practice and exposure to the language over time. Speakers have a great range of expressive possibilities at their command.Apart from the actual words they use they can vary their intonation and stress which helps them to show which part of what they are saying is most important. By varying drive home and intonation their voice can c learly convey their attitude to what they are saying. They can indicate interest or lack of it. At any point in speech event speakers can rephrase what they are saying they can speed up or slow down. This will often be done in response to the feedback they are getting from their listeners who will show through variety of gestures , expressions and interruptions that they do not understand.And in a suit to face interaction the speaker can use a whole range of facial expressions, gestures and general body to help to convey the message. Developing speaking skills in the classroom can include a wide variety of activities. Controlled lessons that include drilling and pre-planned, question and answer prompts can help students develop skills under the teachers watchful eye. Guided activities such as dialogues and role-play scenarios, while based on accuracy, do allow for more creativity and individual exploration with the language.Exact language may not be as controlled in such activities and students have a chance to practice their language with a bit more freedom. Students cleanse their formal speech when teachers provide insights on how to organize their ideas for presentation. Students can give better speeches when they can organize their presentation in a variety of different ways, including sequentially, chronologically and thematically. They need practice in organizing their speech around problems and solutions, causes and results, and similarities and differences.After deciding about the best means of organization, they can practice speeches with another student or with the whole class. Teachers can also help students adapt their speeches and informal talks so as to correspond to the intended audience, the information to be communicated, and the circumstances of the fountain at which they will speak. The teachers can illustrate how well-known speakers have adapted their presentations in ways to suit these different circumstances Students may enjoy speaking about their personal experiences.When given this opportunity, they can benefit from instruction in the elements of good story-telling. Both teachers and students can provide suggestions for students speeches. In constructively criticizing others, learners can learn to apply criteria for good speech and employ tactful social skills. In doing so, they can increase and improve their own speaking skills. Students can also learn speaking and social skills by suggesting possible improvements to one anothers practice speeches. Positive experiences in speaking can lead to greater skills and confidence in speaking in front of larger groups.These activities help students to become familiar and comfortable with the new language. Creative communication involves more fluency-based activities that can really enable students to utilize their creative thinking and language skills. Activities of this type might include discussions, simulations and communication games, but they may also include real - life experiences such as a field trip to a restaurant or a guest visitor in the classroom, providing opportunities for students to use the new language in a less controlled setting.Careful planning and preparation are a necessity for this kind of learning experience, and such lessons must be followed-up with some form of discernment or evaluation tool to determine the effectiveness of the experience, but the benefits to the student can be significant. Not only are students making connections between the language they are learning in the classroom and the language used in the real world, they are practicing their skills and developing their own methods for utilizing and retaining the new language.In comparison to speaking skills, the phylogenesis of writing skills involves many of the same difficulties and some additional challenges, including differences in grammar and vocabulary use, spelling, structure, punctuation and others. A variety of games in the classroom and as pair, s mall-group or cookery activities, can be utilized to provide controlled practice and experience with writing. Crosswords, word finds, gap fills and story boards are but a few of the games and activities that can be adapted for teaching writing skills including vocabulary, spelling, grammar and pronunciation.Developing useful and effective language skills requires practice and experience, from controlled lessons to authentic, real-life experiences. The basic building blocks of a language are critical to the learning process but practical experience, creative exploration, and opportunities to practice in less controlled activities can help to bind the various parts of language acquisition into a unattackable understanding of the new language and how it can be used. Whether speaking or writing, students need to be able to activate the knowledge they have learned in the classroom in order to communicate successfully in their new language.Conclusions Being productive skills, speaking a nd writing involve language production. They have twain common and distinctive features in teaching although distinctive have majority in number. For communication to be successful (either oral or written one) students have to know how to structure the discourse, to be aware of rules of communication, different styles and genres, have knowledge about how to interact with audience. In productive skills teaching strategies to resolve the difficulties that students can encounter are the same.To prevent problems that students may encounter while improving speaking and writing skills we teachers have to follow certain principles match the tasks with students language level, built student confidence step by step, choose interesting topic and create interest in it. Taking into account the fact that speaking skills require fluency and frequency, and writing skills demand accuracy different teaching strategies and activities have to be used. References 1. Harmer, J. The practice of English language teaching. London and New Jork Longman, 1991. 296 p. 2. Harmer, J.The practice of English language teaching. Third Eddition. -Londin Longman,2001. 371 p. 3. Lavery, C. Language Assistant. http//www. scribd. com/ medical student/14112081/Whole-Manual 4. Riddell, D. Teach English as a foreign language. -London Hodder Edducation , 2010. -366 p. 5. Sariel, O. Teaching productive skills fine tuning speaking and writing skills. http//ru. scribd. com/doc/58656496/Teaching-Productive-Skills 6. Wallace T. , Stariba W. , Walberg H. Teaching, speaking, listening and writing. http//www. ibe. unesco. org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/EducationalPracticesSeriesPdf/PRATICE_14. pdf

Marketing Plan and Marketing Strategy

Complete understanding of the marketplace and very c atomic number 18ful political programning are very important in maturation a demarcation dodging that will guarantee success. Successful personal credit linees have certainly all stated with a very efficient and effective selling excogitation.In running a business, trade plays a very important role. The business owner must be knowledgeable with the business customers, with their competitors, their strengths and weaknesses. These elements along with others should be well-defined in order to develop a well-written selling plan and should be carried issue though effective marketing strategies.Marketing Plan and its overall PurposeAn excellent marketing plan will draw how the business shtup catch the attention and retain their customers, how it will content with determine competitors and the undeniable fund to achieve desirable results. The marketing plan should incorporate a thorough market research, location of the busi ness, the targeted group of customers, competition, merchandise or portion to go under in the market for sale and effective strategies for promotions and advertisements. A marketing plan assists the business to incorporate its total marketing effort. It makes sure of a logical and unionized approach to products and services development in order to meet and pander the postulate of the customers. (Paul, 2007)Conducting a market research is needed to start an effective marketing plan. Through market research, relevant data will be gathered in order to help the business to solve possible problems in marketing. Frequently, the most common way of conducting market research is though survey via direct mail, telephone survey or facilitating a decoct group session.Derivative or secondary data is also important to a successful market plan. Studies and reports done by different sectors of the society, like the government, associations and other businesses within the industry can provide very significant data and statistics on the research area. Consumer behavior research as the scientific study of the processes consumers use to conduct, secure, use, and dispose of products and services that satisfy their needs is very important in market research. Consumer behavior unswervingly affects marketing strategy. This is because of the concept of marketing, the idea that firms are present to satisfy customer needs (Winer, 2000).In writing the marketing plan the business needs to be clear on its objectives and how they will achieve them. A good marketing plan makes realistic, measurable and very clear objectives, which includes deadlines, provides a budget and designates responsibilities. A marketing plan is comprised of an analysis of the current market of the business, the business objectives, the business key strategies, the business actions to attaining their objectives, their allocated budget and the effective timing of entering and positioning in the marketRegardless of what type of market research a business will do, the focus should be on gathering sufficient cultivation to find out who the potential customers are, if there is product or service demand for the business, if there are competitors in the scope of the business and how can the business be successful in the marketplace that they belong to. A comprehensive and a well-written marketing plan is very vital to all business undertakings because it illustrates how the business plan to attract and retain customers, how they will compete with their competitors, and what resources will they have available to attain the identified goals of the business. (Paul, 1997)Marketing Strategy and its Various ComponentsIn the present intense competition in the marketplace, a strategy that guarantees a coherent approach providing the business product or service in a way that it will outperform its competitors is very crucial. On the other hand, by defining the marketing strategy of the business, it is a must to have a well-written methodology for the everyday process of implementing it. There is little value to strategy when the business lacks the resources or the know-how in its implementation.The process of growing a marketing strategy involves the consideration of many factors. Out of those factors some are more important compared with the others. For the reason that each strategy must grade some distinct considerations, it is not rational to determine each important factor at a generic wine level. (Porter, 1998)In developing a marketing strategy, there are two major components, which areHow will the business address the competition in the marketHow will the business carry out and support their daily operationsAfter selecting the direction which is the most ideal for the overall objectives of the business, the next step is to consider the following factors in order to select a strategy for the offering that will outsell in the market (Porter, 1998)PricingAfter determining t he overall objective of the offering and selecting a generic strategy, the business should then decide on the range of closely associated operational strategies. One of these is how will the business price the offering. The pricing strategy is mostly influenced by the business necessity for net income and the objectives for stable market control.PromotionIn order to sell an offering, the business should effectively promote and advertise it.Place of diffusionThe business must choose the distribution channel and the method that will be utilized to get the offering into the close to the customer.Product/ServiceThe business should be scrupulously familiar with the factors that launch products/services as strong contenders in the marketplace.Once the strategy is defined the must use the gathered information to determine whether this strategy will attain the objective of making the business competitive in the marketplace.Marketing Plan and a Marketing Strategy fitting TogetherThe market ing plan is how the business puts marketing strategy into practice. It is worth emphasizing the main points of the business strategy in the plan. The marketing plan functions as a detailed road map for the planning and supervision of all marketing undertakings for a given period. An effective marketing plan must be customized and it may be essential to change a range of sections to meet the changing needs of the business to which it applies.Effective marketing plans start by canvass what is presently happening and what has happened in the past. It is unworkable to build up solid plans for the future if the present situation is misunderstood. The marketing plan can then be considered as the practical application of their marketing strategy. In effect, the business will not have a marketing plan without a marketing strategy. thusly marketing strategies sets in by being delivered by the business detailed marketing plan.ConclusionOperating successful business is not an easy tax it inv olves a great deal of business knowledge. Marketing is simply all intimately letting people know about the product or service that a certain business offers, and influencing potential customers to buy or use it. And for effective marketing the business have to let people know about their product or service constantly and to do this, the business will to have to come up with both an appropriate and effective marketing strategy and a marketing plan.ReferencesPaul, S. (2007). Why Need a Marketing Plan?, Legal Zoom Article Center.Porter, M. (1998). Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, Free Press.Winer, R.S. (2007). Marketing Management, Prentice Hall, speeding Saddle River, NJ.

Golden Age of Poverty Reduction Essay

The presentation of the article related to scantiness reduction does not seem too optimistic whether the global aim was really achieved. Basically, the main argument is that poverty reduction provides only the rate of presented resolutions to alleviate the problem. However, the real figures of people under poverty are not really reflected. As time forwarded from the late 19th century up to the present, there was an actual development of social welfare services especially in the health carry on sector.This prompted world populations to increase and obtain extended life expectancies. But the issue of disparity between the rich and the poor was not really reduced notwithstanding worsened. The main factor to blame is the capitalists attitude towards profitability. They fuel growth in economies but also become the catalyst for the social inequalities to expand. To summarize the main argument, frequent poverty incidences could have been reduced more if economic inequality had not wor sened (The Free Library, 2006).ReferencesThe Free Library. 2006. Todays golden age of poverty reduction the tier the World Bank and other agencies dont want you to know. International Economic Publications. Retrieved January 27, 2008 from http//www.thefreelibrary.com/Todays+golden+age+of+poverty+reduction+the+story+the+world+bank+and+-a0146175404

Blending and Sounding

Grapheme-phoneme requires a great deal of sound mimicking from the students, visual and material presentation, as well as word utilization. The instructor should first look that the alphabet is known to be units which begin its own unique sound. Thus, the teacher should clearly establish that in that respect are certain instances wherein sounds in a word constitute more than a single alphabet. Also, students should clearly identify that speech is composed of a variety of sounds.There are different areas that students need to fully practice to enable themselves to comprehend the concept of graphemes-phonemes and promote their ingesting skills. These are (1) awareness of the relationship between sounds and words, (2) registering the connection of a earn to a sound, (3) utilizing the relationship between letters and phonemes to identify printed words then read and spell them, and (4) come across what is read (Good III, Simmons & Smith, 1998).To do this, the teacher should first tell the students that they will be studying a new sound. The teacher should then demonstrate how the new sound is enunciated. The enunciation of the sound to be taught should then be mimicked by the students to establish that the students become fully familiar of the sound. This should be done repeatedly until all the students follow through with the sound enunciation and pronunciation.After the sound has been mimicked and has become familiar by the students, the teacher should then show a visual of the letters comprising the sound. This would make the students identify the sound as a grapheme-phoneme for this specific sound does not consist of a single alphabet but a group of it. To fully make the students realize that there are more than one letter that constitutes this certain sound, the teacher should have some of the students suffice in holding separate visuals to make the students aware that the symbols are more than just one.After establishing to the students the informa tion that there is more than just one alphabet that makes up the sound taught, the teacher could further make the students understand on their own that the alphabets being presented are separate by having them enunciate the sound of each letter individually. However, the teacher should have the students know that despite of the individual sounds these separate letters make it still creates a new sound when combined. Since the students are familiarized with the letter composition of the sound, the teacher should then make the students understand that these sounds are used in words.To do this, the teacher should make use of words that comprises these grapheme-phonemes. He/she could apply different materials that would help the students identify a word that contains this sound. And ultimately, the students should then become familiar with the word, enunciate it correctly, and understand the word completely. References Adams, M. J. (1990). Beginning to read Thinking and learning about print. Cambridge, MA MIT Press. Good III, R. H. Dynamic Indicators of elemental Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) with CBM.Early Childhood Research Institute on Measuring Growth and Development. Eugene, OR. The National Strategies, Department for Children, Schools and Families (Producer) grade 3 Teaching graphemephoneme correspondence and practising oral blending. Retrieved from February 17, 2009. Wren, S. Phoneme Awareness. Developing Research-Based Resources for the Balanced Reading Teacher. Retrieved from http//www. balancedreading. com/phonemeawareness. html February 17, 2008

Historical Criticism of Anton Chekhov’s “The Lady with the Dog”

Russian short story writer and playwright Anton Chekhovs The wench with the get behind (1899) is a brilliant exposition of how societys laws and institutions hinder an individuals quest for freedom and happiness (RadEssays, n. pag.). According to the poet and critic Dana Gioia, the personal manner in which the short story was written was consistent with the emerging trends in nineteenth-century short story theme (Gioia, n. pag.).On champion hand, it was based on the anti-Romantic realism of Maupassant with its sharp observation of external social detail and human beings behavior conveyed within a tightly drawn plot (Gioia, n. pag.). On the other, it also mirrored the unexampled psychological realism of primordial Joyce in which the action is mostly internal and expressed in an associative narrative built on epiphanic moments (Gioia, n. pag.). Hence, Gioia considered The Lady with the give chase, along with his later works, as a turning imply in European literature (Gioia, n. pag.).The short storys main character, Dmitri Dmitrich Gurov, was a man whose life-time was trapped early by society and the institution of man and married woman (RadEssays, n. pag.). During the 1900s, Russian society, just wish all other societies, believed that marriage is a sacred institution (BookStove, n. n. pag.). To go against this norm (by committing criminal conversation) meant facing social condemnation and ostracism (BookStove, n. pag.). However, Russias f number classes only paid lip service to this rule marriage for them was much of a convennient way to form and secure fortunes and bloodlines (BookStove, n. pag.). Therefore, while they paraded themselves in public as respectable and happily-married people, they secretly engaged in illicit personal matters to temporarily escape the harsh reality of being trapped in a loveless marriage.Gurov was no exception. Although his real interest lay in the arts (he graduated with a degree in this field), he was forced t o take up a dignified job in a potentiometert (Chekhov, n. pag.). To make matters worse, his parents had set an arranged marriage for him with a woman he described as unintelligent, contract (and) inelegant (Chekhov, n. pag.) simply put, a woman he did non love. As a result, Gurov was miserable, bored and and not himselfcold and uncommunicative (in the society of men) (Chekhov, n. pag.).But feminist critcs argued that the real reason for the scorn he felt towards his wife was that she was an outspoken woman who considers herself an intellectual (Answers, n. pag.) Gurov was intimadated with assertive women and preferred a woman whom he could control (Answers, n. pag.).Just like many other Russian upper-class men of his time, Gurov found solace in extramarital occasions (BookStove, n. pag.). For him, these liasons were more than just outlets for lust they were manifestations of his protest against the society which condemned him to a pitiable existence (BookStove, n. pag.). Al though Gurov openly denominate women as the lower race (Chekhov, n. pag.), he could not get on for 2 days in concert without them (Chekhov, n. pag.). His treatment of and philosophy towards women reflected the hypocrisy of Russian society with regard to the issues of love, marriage and infidelity (BookStove, n. pag.).Gurov came across an affiliate in his latest mistress, Anna Sergeyevna. Just like him, Sergeyevna was also a pris acer of her marriage she got married young person (20 years old), but soon regretted having done so (ECheat, n. pag.). She no longer loved her husband, regarding him as a flunkey (ECheat, n. pag.). In sharp contrast to Gurovs wife, Sergeyevna was soft and childlike, weepy and vulnerable, even a molybdenum pathetic (Answers, n. pag.) the ideal Russian woman of the 1900s (Answers, n. pag.). Eager to live a single and uncommitted life once again, she feigned illness and went to Yalta, a well-known health resort in Russia (Answers, n. pag.).Free from the unhappy shoes of their respective families, Gurov and Sergeyevna carried out an illicit affair in Yalta (Answers, n. pag.). Although Sergeyevna initially felt guilty after Gurov kissed her for the beginning time, she was already in love with him by the time she returned to S (ECheat, n. pag.). Chekhov used symbolisms to decribe the intensity of their passion for one another. The moon, a timeless symbol of fertility, symbolized the birth of Gurov and Sergeyevnas affair (Openpapers, n. pag.). Sergeyevnas pet Pomeranian, meanwhile, represented the dependency, loyalty and amusement that they were facial expression for in their respective spouses, but found in one another (Paperstarter, n. pag.).When Gurov and Sergeyevna resumed their normal lives, it was then that they realized how much they missed and loved each other (ECheat, n. pag.). After meeting again in a theater, they decided to continue their clandestine affair. They secretly met in Moscow (Gurovs hometown) once in two or thr ee months (Chekhov, n. pag.).But Gurov and Sergeyevna eventually got tired of hiding like theives just to maintain their relationship. When they had their usual get together at Sergeyevnas room at the Slaviansky Bazaar hotel, they discussed how to avoid the necessity for secrecy, for deception, for living in several(predicate) towns and not seeing each other for long at a time (Chekhov, n. pag.). But they were unavailing to come up with a clear solution (ECheat, n. pag.).Indeed, Gurov and Sergeyevnas illicit liaison was a unsuccessful situation. True, they had found real love in each other. But in a society that abhors relationships much(prenominal) as theirs, they were left with three options run away, tell their respective spouses the truth or end the affair then and in that respect (ECheat, n. pag.). Divorce was out of the question in 1900s Russia, it was a social taboo, along with adultery (Answers, n. pag.). Divorced people were met with the same social denunciation and isolation bestowed on adulterers and adultresses (Answers, n. pag.). The open-ended conclusion added more credibility to the short storys theme the choice between being true to ones self or adhering to what society believes to be correct.Chekhovs other writings also echoed the fury between an individual and society. In the short story Betrothed (1903), the protagonist, Nadya, was engaged to Andrey Andreyich, a man whom she didnt love (Chekhov, n. pag.). She had no other choice Russian women during the 1900s were not allowed to study or to work distant the home. Hence, marriage appeared to be Nadyas only ticket to economic advancement (Eshbaugh, 3).But her perspective changed when Aleksander Timofeyich (fondly called Sasha) arrived from Moscow to confabulate her family. Upon learning of Nadyas engagement to Andreyich, Sasha warned her about the lifeless existence that is the result of an arranged marriage (Eshbaugh, 3). notwithstanding enlightened and holy people are interestin g, its only they who are wanted. The more of such people there are, the sooner the Kingdom of God will come on earth Dear Nadya, darling girl, go away Show them all that you are sick of this stagnant, grey, sinful life. Prove it to yourself at least (Chekhov, n. pag.) disrespect Nadyas initial misgivings, she heeded Sashas words. With his help, she fled to St. Petersburg, where she attended university (Eshbaugh, 3). Nadya eventually realized that she made the right decision in relying on herself instead of on marriage to achieve happiness (Eshbaugh, 3). Even her family ultimately supported her choice their letters to her were resigned and kindly, (as if) everything seemed to have been forgiven and forgotten (Chekhov, n. pag.).Betrothed was the last published work of Chekhov and thus his dying words to his literary audience (Eshbaugh, 3). In a way, this explains its optimistic ending. If in The Lady with the Dog, Chekhov exposed the futility of societys norms of marriage for monetar y gains (and) living an idle life without purpose and without love (Eshbaugh, 3), in Betrothed, he imparted that if man can create society and the status quo, he can also change them.Works CitedChekhov, Anton. The Betrothed. 2008. Ibiblio.org. 11 swear out 2008 . Chekhov, Anton. The Lady with the Dog. 2008. Online-Literature. 11 frame 2008 . Eshbaugh, Ruth. Literary Analysis of The Lady with the Dog by Anton Chekhov. 21 June 2007. AssociatedContent. 11 troop 2008 . Gioia, Dana. Anton Chekhovs The Lady with the Pet Dog. 1998. Dana Gioia Online. 11 March 2008 . Anton Chekhov, The Lady with the Dog. 2008. RadEssays.com. 11 March 2008 . A Review of Lady with a Pet Dog by Anton Chekhov. 4 July 2005. ECheat. 11 March 2008 . The Lady with the Dog. 11 July 2007. BookStove. 11 March 2008 .The Lady with the Dog (Anton Chekhov). 2007. PaperStarter. 11 March 2008 . The Lady with the Dog by Chekhov. 2008. Openpapers. 11 March 2008 . The Lady with the Pet Dog (Criticism). 2008. Answers.com. 11 March 2008 .

Investigation Into The Theme of Entrapment in The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath

Sylvia Plath was natural in Boston, Massachusetts in 1932 to Austrian p arnts. She studied at the prestigious smith College with a recognition and in 1955 she went to Cambridge University where she met and later married Ted Hughes. Plaths life story sentence was integrity of success, and intense ambition and gross(a)ionism. In an early diary entry, aged 16, she described herself as The girl who would be God. Her desire to be a perfect source and a perfect wo mankind is set however in her understanding of the constraints placed on women in the 50s.The early demise of her father when she was just 8, and the combination of fear and adoration she felt towards him had an immense and durable effect on her life, and subsequently he appears as a major theme in both her poetry and prose works. The Bell oscillate was first released in England in 1963 under the pseudonym Victoria Lucas. It current lukewarm reviews with most critics highlighting the personal yet gratuitous voice of fable.An anonymous review state it read so much analogous the truth that it is hard to disassociate her from Esther Greenwood, the I of the story, solely she had the gift of cosmos able to feel and yet to watch herself she can feel the desolation and yet relate this to the landscape painting of everyday life. This manifests how the impertinent was capturen to be autobiographical even before it was known who the author was, and before comparisons of bandage construct and the life of the author could be do. This shows how the tone, which some may say is confessional, postulates readers to analyse the work from a psycho-biographical standpoint.You can read also Analysis of Literary Devices of Jane EyreLaurence Lerner equates the detachment, which the anonymous reviewer highlights, with Esthers neurosis deriving from her consumption as satirist of the world around her, and he hears her Bell bump around as one of a detached observer. Critics also comp bed it to JD Salinger s The Catcher In The Rye, because of the interpretation of it as a critique of college life and establishing identity, and also the existential undertones of the overriding voice are similar in both texts. Robert Taubman wrote in The Statesman that The Bell tremble was a clever first impudent he first womens liberationist novel in the Salinger mood. Linda Wagner sawing machine The Bell Jar as in structure and intent a highly conventional bildungsroman , or a rites of passage novel, with the construct focusing entirely on the education and maturation of Esther Greenwood, Plaths novel uses a chronological and necessarily episodic structure to keep Esther at the centre of totally action. Other credits are fragmentary, subordinate to Esther and her developing consciousness, and are shown only through their effects on her as central character.No incident is included which does not influence her maturation. Modern criticism also focuses on political and feminist criticisms of the novel. Alan Sinfield explores ideological intersections surrounded by society and the arts, and recognises Plath as critiquing the construction of gender role arguments, taken up by mevery contemporary feminist critics. Plath is seen as articulating umpteen of the thoughts and judgments m whatsoever women sport ab proscribed the constraints, opportunities and contradictions of womens role in society. Many brace interpreted The Bell Jar as semi-autobiographical.It is impossible to ignore the similarities between the life of Plath and that of Esther, the main protagonist of the novel. The novel parallels her twentieth year almost perfectly. Plath was awarded a spot as a guest editor at Mademoiselle magazine during her junior year at Smith, as Esther win a fashion magazine competition to work on it in New York for a month. both(prenominal) had been, on the surface, a model daughter, popular in coach, earning straight As and winning the best prizes. She even went to Smith on sch olarship endowed by Olive Higgins Prouty, perhaps the model for Esthers patron, Philomena Guinea.That summer, however, she nearly succeeded in cleanup herself by swallowing sleeping pills, paralleling the suicide attempt in the novel. After a period of recovery involving electroshock therapy and psych separateapy Plath seemed to become herself again, graduating from Smith with honours and winning a Fulbright scholarship to study at Cambridge, England. However, her troubles returned to fixture her throughout her life, and she committed suicide in 1963. Plath recognised her own inability to write about anything other than her own experiences.In her journals she referred to this as the curse of my vanity. She talked of, my inability to lose myself in a character, a situation. ever myself, myself, myself. This makes any reading into The Bell Jar all the more(prenominal) poignant, because Plaths few prose works are more conducely related to real life than most fiction. The theme o f entrapment forms the central stunt adult female of The Bell Jar. Plath constructs the analogy in Chapter 15 where Esther, the central character, concludes that I would be sitting under the same glass chime jar, stewing in my own sour air.Plaths use of the sibilant words stewing and sour evoke strong base reactions in the reader as if they were hit by a pungent sickly smell. The Bell Jar fabricates the entrapment Esther feels at the hands of society and its expectations of women, and also entrapment by men and the possibility of entrapment by children. The first of these could be unders to a faultd as representing Esthers suffocation at the hands of societal compress and the general tyrannous melody of the 50s, especially for women. It must be noted that at the end of the mid-fifties the average age of wedding party ceremony had actually fallen to 20, and was still dropping.It was not uncommon for girls to drop out of college or high school to marry, in fact education was some clock seen as a bar to marriage. During all of the forties and fifties housewifery tasks were glorified as proof of a complete charr in the media. In America at the end of the fifties the birth rate was overtaking Indias. Increased affluence allowed people to generate four, five, six children, shown in the novel by the inclusion of Dodo Con management, a catholic neighbour who has 6 children she fascinated Esther because of her ever increase family and stoic acceptance of her situation.By the 1960s, the employment of women was rather the norm than the exception, scarcely they were holding mostly odd-job(prenominal) jobs, to help put their husbands through college, or widows supporting families. For such an ambitious and talented womanhood handle the protagonist of the novel this would inevitably cause a clash of ideals between those of wider society and her own. Society assumes a woman will marry. The heroine of the novel is besieged by the influences that propagate t he myth that the purpose of a womans man is a husband, a house and having children.After Esthers release from the mental hospital, Buddys final words to her are I wonder who youll marry now . . . youve been here. This is similar to the feelings of Esthers mother, for being in a mental institute has a certain social stigma attached to it. The opinion that no man will want a woman with baggage or problems is similar to the view presented by Mrs Willard that no man would want a woman with internal experience. This adds up to the opinion that all women should be clean, pure, innocent and naive for their men.Also, if Esther were to choose not to marry and not follow the guidelines society attempts to entrap her in, is to go against societys expectations and to commit a kind of sin. authorship to her mother from Smith, Plath agonised over which to choose? -meaning a career or a family? The central allegory of The Bell Jar, the fig tree, is Plaths literary portrayal of this dilemma. Ea ch fig represents an option, a future to be a famous poet, an editor, or to be a wife and mother. Each is mutually exclusive and only one can be picked.As Esther (very much an extension of her creator here) hesitates, debating with herself, the figs began to wrinkle and go b deficiency, and, one by one, they plopped to the ground at her feet. Rejection of any option was difficult because she wanted it all. The conclusion that the figs rot and die aligns the image tonally with the rest of the novel. Esther shows her desire to have it all and her refusal to limit herself when she says to Buddy, Ill be flying back and forth between one mutually exclusive thing and another for the rest of my days. In her own life, Plath attempted to fall upon both career and family. There were times, her earn and the remembrances of her family and friends reveal, that domestic life alone seemed to fulfil her. She was a perfectionist at housekeeping as she had always been at her college work and at wr iting, tho at other times the routine infuriated her and the viciousness in the kitchen that she describes in Lesbos sets in. At times she revelled in being cowlike and maternal, but resentment against their demands on her time and her creativity is evident too.Esther concludes that the societal pressure that she feels at her prestigious College, where the girls purse covers must match the material of their dresses and all the girls wait with excitement for their invitations to the proms, is not so different to the pressure she feels in the asylum. What was there about us she wonders so different from the girls playing bridge and studying in the college . . . Those girls too sat under a bell jar of a take. Plath explicitly shows the reader that the Bell Jar is not simply one of depression, but also one of conformity. The entrapment that Esther feels is also sexual.This is partly caused by Buddys sexual urge and power, for Esther and Joan react to him and eventually rebel against him by exploring alternative sexual methods. Joan becomes a lesbian (though whether this is a direct result of her and Buddys relationship is debatable), and Esther asserts her sexual freedom through acquiring birth control. For her this symbolises female empowerment. In assembly line to her previous attempt to free her sexual activity by allowing Constantin to seduce her, she will be her own mobile agent of change in freeing herself from the strict social codes for women.Esther begins to feel a disillusionment with men, by and by her realisation that Buddy Willard is a hypocrite, she concludes I knew that in spite of all the roses and kisses and restaurant dinners a man showered on a woman before he married her, what he secretly wanted when the wedding service ended was for her to forthwithten out underneath his feet like Mrs Willards kitchen mat. This kitchen mat which is a utilitarian object, comfortably repaired or replaced, is used as a metaphor for a woman.This introduce s a central theme of the novel, that of women being dominated by men. The image of being flattened is used many times in the novel to show the effect of men on women. It is used again in Chapter 5 when Esther describes how she felt dull and flat and full of shattered visions after a disappointing date with Buddy. The kitchen mat that Esther describes is a beautiful hand made rug that Buddys mother made. She spent color goddesss of time making this mat, but when she is finished she just puts it on the kitchen floor for people to wipe their feet on.Esther sees this as a symbol of male oppression and the subsequent feeling that nothing a woman makes or does is of any merit. It is when around Buddy that Ether seems most repressed. This adds to the general sense of confinement that Esther feels, but this aspect is wholly self-inflicted. One obstacle that Esther must overcome is her view and fairy-tale view of romantic relationships, in which she defines her and Buddys relationship in terms of a single kiss. The word flattened evokes connotations like beaten, weak and subjugated. Esther is, as most women during the fifties, expected to marry.Esther Greenwood sees herself as something other than primarily a housewife, and she uses a lot of her energy to try to avoid marrying the one she is expected Buddy Willard. The word bell written belle was used during the ordinal century for the belle of the ball. It was meant to be a positive term in American culture, and was used to describe a ladylike southern woman with many suitors. This was a woman who knew her role and was happy to be the want object of her lover and to put all her energies into looking after her man and her family.In this interpretation, the Belle Jar could represent societal pressure to conform to this ideal and the trapped feelings these women my encounter. Buddy is the main representation of dominant oppressive male sexuality. He stifles her intellectually, telling her a poem is just a piece of dust, and plays a dominant sexual role by exposing himself to her. Marco is a much more violent depiction of male sexuality, a woman-hater who attempts to rape Esther. He holds power over her, he is invulnerable because of his financial power and threatening sexuality, and brands her a slut.Critics have interpreted him as simply a more violent extension of Buddy Willlard, aggressive in his contempt for Esther and her sexuality, whereas Buddy is more subtle and passive. Plath parallels the earlier proposal by Buddy. Whereas Buddy asks for Esthers hand in marriage in exchange for her identity and freedom, Marco offers her a diamond, a symbol of marriage, in exchange for her sexual independence. This feeling or entrapment by men is related to a form of domestic entrapment. One way this is shown is in Esthers outlook towards having children. Plath presents having children as another form of entrapment.When describing child birth language from the semantic handle of confinement and unn aturalness are used. Esther describes childbirth itself as a long, blind, doorless and windowless corridor of pain . . . waiting to open up and come together her in again. This shows how she sees children as diminishing perception and confining their mothers in a trap they cannot even see out of because it is so all encompassing. The mother is described in inhuman terms with her spider-fat stomach and twain little ugly spindly legs while making an unhuman whooing noise. This makes the reader feel sympathy towards this terrific but pitiful monster.Robert Scholes interprets the language Plath uses in the childbirth as that of defamiliarisation. In this scene, for example, the narrator describes the delivery as if it were happening for the first time in history. From the point of view of the uninitiated observer, childbirth seems to be a frightening ritual in which a dark fuzzy thing in the long run emerges from the split shave place between the womans legs. It could be construed that Plath is trying to show the reader that having children is a form of martyrdom, sacrificing your self-identity for your children.A woman dies as a particular kind of woman when she bears a child, and she continues to die as the child feeds literally and metaphorically on her. Indeed, many of her poems depict childlessness as a kind of perfection. In Edge (Ariel), The woman is perfected . . . Each dead child coiled . . . She has folded them back into her body. This childless perfection also often signals shoemakers last in her poetry, showing the view that a woman has no choice but to procreate, because if she does not, or if she changes her bear in mind folding them back into her body, she must die.Plaths fear of procreativity was, in banging part, a fear of a resultant role loss of creativity. Esther voices Plaths fear, I . . . remembered Buddy Willard saying in a sinister, knowing way that after I had children I would feel differently, I wouldnt want to write poems any mo re. So I began to think peradventure it was true that when you were married and had children it was like being brainwashed, and afterwards you went about numb as a knuckle down in some private, totalitarian state. The inclusion of totalitarianism evokes even stronger feelings of entrapment and being controlled by extraneous forces.Children are also shown to represent entrapment in the inclusion of the miscarried babies in bottles that Buddy takes her to see. These images represent womens traditional choices in life and the subsequent entrapment. Esther describes these in her usual detached voice, the baby in the first bottle had a large white head bent over a tiny curled up body the coat of a frog. These bottles are similar to the central image of the Bell Jar, and further highlight the reading that children lead to entrapment. This is also shown in Stopped Dead (Winter Trees), A squeal of brakes.Or is it a birth shout? . It seems Plath has the opinion that the minute a baby is born the mothers life ends in a squeal of brakes. internal entrapment can also be a trap of routine and chores. In Chapter 7 Esther notes how she cannot cook, or dance, or sing or know short hand, all the things that she would need to live her life by her mothers standards. Plaths letters to her mother and her novel both make it explicitly clear that Plath was confused and frustrated by the urgency of defining herself as a woman. In 1949, at age seventeen, she wrote, I am afraid of getting married.Spare me from cooking three meals a dayspare me from the relentless cage of routine and rote. I want to be free. Plath herself wrote in her journal that it was as if domesti urban center had choked me. It could be said that her decision to finally end her life by sticking her head in a gas oven is a perfect symbolisation of that aspect of her experience. Plaths two-dimensional characterisation of Mrs Greenwood as a hard working and well intentioned woman, but one very much controlled b y the guidelines society gave her regarding her role as a woman.She feels that Esthers English major(ip) will not help her get a job, and that the only way that she will get a career is by learning shorthand. Esther would then be in demand among all the up and sexual climax young men, but she instinctively rebels against this view, I hated the idea of serving men in any way. I wanted to dictate my own thrilling letters. She is sure of the injustice in the occupational sphere, and refuses to set up by this unfair apportioning of status in society. The Bell Jar could also be construed as the bell jar of the characters depression.Depression and mental illness are almost universally described by the imagination of entrapment, from Bertha Mason, the mad alter ego of Jane trapped in the attic in Jane Eyre to the imagery of depression as a suffocating black cloud by Elizabeth Wurtzell in her 1996 portrait of depression. Esthers depression begins to fully emerge in Chapter 2, where she describes how she begins to feel while watching Doreen, her sexually voracious friend and Lenny get more and more crackers about each-other. She compares herself to a black dot signifying a feeling of insignificance, shame and dirtiness.Plath uses the analogy of travelling away from capital of France on an express caboose to describe Esthers increasing feeling of detachment and unimportance every second the city gets smaller and smaller, only you feel its really you getting smaller and smaller and lonelier and lonelier, rushing away from all those lights and that excitement at about a million miles an hour. . This gives the reader the feeling of Esther helplessly falling into a deep depression, where the excitement of everyday life does not affect her.On Esthers way to Buddy at the hell she describes the bleak land-scape and its effect on her mood. . . . the countryside, already deep under old falls of snow, turned us a bleaker shoulder, and as the fir trees crowded down from th e grey hills to the road edge, so darkly green they looked black, I grew gloomier and gloomier. Snow is often used to symbolise death, it could have been used in this instance for many reasons. Firstly, it could be because she is travelling to a TB sanatorium where many must have died.This illness and death that she is travelling toward is inextricably linked with sin in The Bell Jar, with Buddy being punished for his office with a waitress by his TB and Esther punished for losing her virginity by haemorrhaging, so this blanket of death is curiously profound. Secondly, the snow could also foreshadow Esthers later suicide attempt from an overdose or sleeping pills in Chapter 13. The crowding fir trees could have been used to depict a feeling of entrapment.Esthers depression is later shown by her lack of motivation to do anything, even change her clothes or wash her hair. This melancholic inertia is shown in the paragraph I crawled back into bed and pulled the sheet over my head. Bu t even that didnt shut out the light, so I buried my head under the darkness of the pillow and pretended it was night. I couldnt see the point of getting up. Esther feels trapped by her depression, it sedates her so fully that she does not even see any way out of it.Recurrent mirror and light images measure Esthers descent into the stale air downstairs the bell jar. In the first chapter, when Esther returns from Lennys apartment and enters the mirrored elevator of the Amazon Hotel, she notices a big, smudgy-eyed Chinese woman staring idiotically into my face. It was only me, of course. I was appalled to see how wrinkled and used up I looked. As she becomes increasingly trapped by her own mental state, her relationship with her own identity becomes increasingly disembodied, and the reflection in the mirror gradually becomes a stranger.Esthers depression and subsequent breakdown could be interpreted as a gradual abandonment of societal norms. It entails a series of rejections or se parations from women who are associated with a stereotypical aspects of womanhood that Esther finds unacceptable. The novels heroine projects components of herself that represent patriarchally defined expectations of women onto other characters her mother, Dodo Conway, Mrs Willard, then through her rejection of these characters she discards the aspects of herself that they personify.Every character can be seen as created to represent aspects of the world which confines Esther with Buddy representing dominant male sexuality and broader forces of society, Dodo representing pressure to have children, Jay Cee being the pressure to have a successful career. The end of the novel sheds all of these forms of entrapment, societal, domestic, sexual and intellectual, virtually entirely. The ultimate chapter chiefly uses imagery of cleanliness and freedom. A pure, blank sheet of snow is described, but the reader now interprets the snow as representing a fresh start.She compares forgetfulness, t hat may help her numb and cover her memories, to a kind snow, allowing her freedom from her worries. When Esther readies herself to meet the board of doctors who will certify her release from the hospital, she behaves as if she is preparing for a bridegroom or a date she checks her stocking seams, muttering to herself Something old, something new. . . . But, she goes on, I wasnt getting married. There ought, I thought, to be a ritual for being born twice patched, retreaded, and approved for the road, I was trying to think of an appropriate one. . . Critics who have been willing to see a reborn Esther have generally done so without ever wondering(a) the appropriateness of the reference to a retread job. Susan Coyle writes that the tire image seems to be accurate, since the reader does not have a sense of Esther as a brand-new, unblemished tire but of one that has been painstakingly reworked, remade.Linda Wagner, for example, ignores this passage and concentrates on subsequent para graphs, where the image of an open door and Esthers ability to respire are, Wagner writes, surely positive images. The ability the breathe serves as a contrast to the sour air under the Bell Jar. There is no doubt that the novel has a fairly high level of closure with most possibilities eliminated. The reader also knows that she had children, we become aware of this very early on in the construct of the story, so Esther obviously settles down into some sort of domesticity. Plath does not concede that Esther is fully cured, Esther even finally wonders whether she may be trapped by the bell jar again, but the novel concludes on a very optimistic note that Esther is feel from the constraints that she previously felt.